Cosmetic male genital surgery: a narrative review.

Background and Objective: Through the centuries the appearance of the male genitalia has always been an important concern for men, symbolizing virility, potency and sexual contentment. Correction of perceived deficiencies and deformities of the male genitalia can be addressed by aesthetic surgery as well as the enhancement its external aspect. If the social acceptance of cosmetic surgery, particularly of women's breasts, dates from the early 1950s, male intimate cosmetic surgery emerged from the shadows about 10 years ago with a medical community still very suspicious and reproachful. The present paper aims to describe and discuss the current state of the art regarding male intimate cosmetic surgery. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was performed using publications from January 2000 to September 2022. The publications were retrieved from the PubMed database using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and keywords. The authors' goal is to narrate the aesthetic non-surgical and surgical enhancement procedures of the male apparatus. Key Content and Findings: This narrative review examines the diverse procedures associated with male genitalia aesthetics. Conclusions: Aesthetics of the male genitalia is now an unavoidable and important part of aesthetic surgery worldwide with an increasing demand. Nonsurgical and surgical techniques described in the literature should be reviewed.

Silicone Particles in Capsules Around Breast Implants: An Investigation Into Currently Available Implants in North America.

BACKGROUND: Breast implants have always been composed of a silicone elastomer envelope filled with either silicone gel or saline. Breast implant illness (BII) is a set of symptoms that has previously been linked to the leakage of silicone particles from the implants into the body. OBJECTIVES: Our research aimed to quantify the number of silicone particles present in the capsules of breast implants available in North America. METHODS: Thirty-five periprosthetic capsules were sampled and analyzed, and silicone particles were counted and measured. The capsule surface area was then measured and utilized to calculate particle density and total number of silicone particles. RESULTS: Eighty-five percent of capsules analyzed from silicone gel implants contained silicone, with an average of 62 particles per mm3 of capsular tissue. These implants had approximately 1 million silicone particles per capsule. In contrast, none of the saline implant capsules contained silicone. Capsules from macrotextured tissue expanders contained fewer and larger silicone particles. CONCLUSIONS: Silicone gel implants presented silicone particle bleeding into the periprosthetic capsule, totaling on average 1 million silicone particles per capsule. On the other hand, no silicone particle bleeding was observed from saline breast implants. These data suggest that particle bleeding comes from the inner silicone gel, and not from the smooth outer silicone shell. Previous studies have reported the presence of breast implant illness in patients with both silicone- and saline-filled implants. Therefore, our data suggest that silicone migration is not the sole cause of BII.

An exploratory cross-sectional study of the effects of ongoing relationships with accompanying patients on cancer care experience, self-efficacy, and psychological distress.

BACKGROUND: Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal in Canada introduced accompanying patients (APs) into the breast cancer care trajectory. APs are patients who have been treated for breast cancer and have been integrated into the clinical team to expand the services offered to people affected by cancer. This study describes the profiles of the people who received the support and explores whether one-offs vs ongoing encounters with APs influence their experience of care, on self-efficacy in coping with cancer, and on their level of psychological distress. METHODS: An exploratory cross-sectional study was carried out among patients to compare patients who had one encounter with an AP (G1) with those who had had several encounters (G2). Five questionnaires were administered on socio-demographic characteristics, care pathway, evaluation of the support experience, self-efficacy in coping with cancer, and level of psychological distress. Logbooks, completed by the APs, determined the number of encounters. Linear regression models were used to evaluate the associations between the number of encounters, patient characteristics, care pathway, number of topics discussed, self-efficacy measures in coping with cancer, and level of psychological distress. RESULTS: Between April 2020 and December 2021, 60% of 535 patients who were offered support from an AP accepted. Of these, one hundred and twenty-four patients participated in the study. The study aimed to recruit a minimum of 70 patients with the expectation of obtaining at least 50 participants, assuming a response rate of 70%. There were no differences between G1 and G2 in terms of sociodemographic data and care pathways. Statistical differences were found between G1 and G2 for impacts on and the return to daily life (p = 0.000), the return to the work and impacts on professional life (p = 0.044), announcement of a diagnosis to family and friends (p = 0.033), and strategies for living with treatment under the best conditions (p = 0.000). Significant differences were found on the topics of cancer (p = 0.000), genetic testing (p = 0.023), therapeutic options (p = 0.000), fatigue following treatment (p = 0.005), pain and discomfort after treatment or surgery (p = 0.000), potential emotions and their management (p = 0.000) and the decision-making processes (p = 0.011). A significant relationship was found between the two groups for patients' ability to cope with cancer (p = 0.038), and their level of psychological distress at different stages of the care pathway (p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows differences between one-time and ongoing support for cancer patients. It highlights the potential for APs to help patients develop self-efficacy and cope with the challenges of cancer treatment.

Unblinding de Quervain: A systematic review of ultrasound-guided injection of corticosteroids for treatment of stenosing tenosynovitis of the 1st extensor compartment.

A systematic review was conducted on studies reporting steroid injections with ultrasound for de Quervain. From 10 studies included and 379 wrists, 73.9% reported complete resolution of symptoms, 18.2% with partial and 7.9% without resolution. When compared to the landmark-guided technique, ultrasound guidance showed significantly higher rates of symptom resolution (P = 0.0132) and lower pain scores (P < 0.0001). Twenty-nine patients out of 163 who initially showed complete resolution of symptoms reported subsequent recurrence. We conclude that steroid injections guided by ultrasound present high rates of symptomatic relief through precise needle insertion, especially in cases of anatomic variability with subcompartments.

BREAST-Q Patient-reported Outcomes in Different Types of Breast Reconstruction after Fat Grafting.

Breast reconstruction after mastectomy improves patient quality of life. Independently of the type of reconstruction, ancillary procedures are sometimes necessary to improve results. Fat grafting to the breast is a safe procedure with excellent results. We report patient-reported outcomes using the BREAST-Q questionnaire after autologous fat grafting in different types of reconstructed breasts. Methods: We performed a single-center, prospective, comparative study that compared patient-reported outcomes using the BREAST-Q in patients after different types of breast reconstruction (autologous, alloplastic, or after breast conserving) who subsequently had fat grafting. Results: In total, 254 patients were eligible for the study, but only 54 (68 breasts) completed all the stages needed for inclusion. Patient demographic and breast characteristics are described. Median age was 52 years. The mean body mass index was 26.1 ± 3.9. The mean postoperative period at the administration of BREAST-Q questionnaires was 17.6 months. The mean preoperative BREAST-Q was 59.92 ± 17.37, and the mean postoperative score was 74.84 ± 12.48 (P < 0.0001). There was no significant difference when divided by the type of reconstruction. Conclusion: Fat grafting is an ancillary procedure that improves the outcomes in breast reconstruction independently of the reconstruction type and heightens patient satisfaction, and it should be considered an integral part of any reconstruction algorithm.

Anatomical Study of the Penile Suspensory System: A Surgical Application to Micropenis.

Penile enlargement surgery is the second most desired cosmetic procedure in men worldwide. The mainstay of penile lengthening procedures is a partial release of the penile suspensory ligament system. Concerns regarding erect penis stability after this procedure have been raised by the surgical community. This study describes the anatomical features of the penile suspensory ligament system and explores the stability mechanisms of the penis. Methods: This study is subdivided in two parts: an anatomical analysis and a clinical analysis. The anatomical part consists of a dissection of eight male cadavers to describe the anatomy and test the stability after sectioning successively the suspensory ligaments. The clinical part consists of an analysis of 30 patients with micropenis operated on for penile lengthening by a penile suspensory ligament release and lipofilling. Results: The suspensory apparatus consists of four distinct ligamentous structures: fundiform, suspensory, dense vertical, and arcuate ligaments. These different structures are lax superficially but become firm and tense posteriorly. The section of the fundiform and suspensory ligaments did not destabilize the penis. Conclusion: Penile lengthening by way of cautious suspensory ligament release can be performed without erection instability.

A New Technique for Breast Pocket Adjustment: Argon Beam Thermal Capsulorrhaphy.

Implant malposition remains one of the main complications of aesthetic breast augmentation and alloplastic breast reconstruction with expanders and implants. Many capsulorrhaphy techniques have been described to adjust the breast pocket and correct the malposition. In this study, we tested the efficacy of the argon beam coagulator (ABC) for lateral capsulorrhaphy on breast reconstruction patients at the time of expander replacement with a permanent implant. We also experimentally compared the effects of the ABC and the standard electrocautery on fragments of healthy breast capsule. We noted a 69.5% capsule shrinkage with the ABC versus 46.8% with the standard electrocautery. We concluded that breast capsulorrhaphy using the ABC is a safe and efficient technique for the correction of breast implant malposition in both reconstructive and aesthetic breast surgery.

Internal derangement of temporomandibular joint: Umbrella perforated screw technique.

INTRODUCTION: Umbrella shaped Perforated Screws (UPS) were developed for the use of orthopedic surgery to facilitate anchoring and fixation of the tissue to bone. We here present a retrospective study of Temporomandibular joint Internal derangement (ID) with fixation using this type of screws. MATERIALS & METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study including patients treated for ID using UPS to reposition the articular disc. The study included patients treated between 1998 and 2005. Patients were selected in concordance with clinical symptoms and signs of severity. All patients had an MRI (open/closed mouth) to confirm the diagnosis. Wilkes classification of temporomandibular disease (TMD) was adopted in the selection criteria. RESULTS: Hundred and five patients were included, 92 female and 13 males with average age of 37.56. Dentists or general physicians mainly addressed these patients to our unit. The mean time from symptoms initiating to first consultation was 3.77 years, while the mean timing of surgery after initial consultation was 9.38 months. Patients have presented with various symptoms before the surgery including pain, limitation in eating habits and clicking. 77% of the patients had no or minimal pain post surgery. Hundred and one patients had good eating habits after surgery. Only 34 patients had persistent clicking despite surgery. We had neither infection nor hematoma as complication. Major complication to this technique is frontal paresis (14 patients), which was explained to all patients preoperatively. This paresis recovered in less than 2 months in all patients. We had 89.5% of the patients satisfied with their results. CONCLUSION: UPS are useful in the field of plastic surgery. This novel technique has the advantage of not compromising the vascular supply of the TMJ articular surface. This technique provides a simple, fast and efficient technique for posterior aponeurosis flap fixation. Our overall satisfactory rate was comparable to other studies.

Effects of a preoperative neuromobilization program offered to individuals with carpal tunnel syndrome awaiting carpal tunnel decompression surgery: A pilot randomized controlled study.

STUDY DESIGN: Pilot randomized controlled trial with parallel groups. INTRODUCTION: Engaging individuals with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) awaiting carpal tunnel decompression surgery in a preoperative rehabilitation program may mitigate pain and sensorimotor impairments, enhance functional abilities before surgery, and improve postoperative outcomes. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: To assess the feasibility and the efficacy of a novel preoperative neuromobilization exercise program (NEP). METHODS: Thirty individuals with CTS were randomly allocated into a four-week home-based neuromobilization exercise group or a standard care group while awaiting surgery. Outcome measures included feasibility (ie, recruitment, attrition, adherence, satisfaction, and safety) and efficacy metrics (ie, median nerve integrity and neurodynamics, tip pinch grip, pain, and upper limb functional abilities) collected before (ie, at the baseline and about four weeks later) and four weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Thirty individuals with CTS were recruited (recruitment rate = 11.8%) and 25 completed the study (attrition rate = 16.7%). Adherence (94%) and satisfaction with the program (eg, enjoy the exercises and likeliness to repeat the NEP (≥4.2/5) were high and no serious adverse event was reported. NEP-related immediate pre- and post-surgery beneficial effects on pain interference were documented (P = .05, η2 = .10), whereas an overall increased neurodynamics (P = .04, η2 = .11) and decreased pain severity (P = .01, η2 = .21) were observed. DISCUSSION: Engaging in the proposed NEP has limited beneficial effect as a stand-alone intervention on pre- and post-surgery outcomes for individuals with CTS. Expanding the program's content and attribute by adding other components including desensitization maneuvers and novel therapies promoting corticospinal plasticity is recommended. CONCLUSION: A preoperative NEP completed by individuals with CTS awaiting surgery is feasible, acceptable, and safe. However, given the limited beneficial effectsof the program, revision of its content and attributes is recommended before proceeding to large-scale trials.

Pain interference may be an important link between pain severity, impairment, and self-reported disability in participants with wrist/hand pain.

STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional. INTRODUCTION: Pain severity, sensory and motor impairment, and psychological (distress and anxiety) and social factors have previously been related to self-reported disability in persons with wrist and hand pain. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study to determine the relative contribution of pain severity, measures of impairment (sensory and motor function), psychosocial factors, and pain interference on self-reported disability experienced by persons with heterogeneous orthopedic injuries and conditions of the wrist and hand. METHODS: Measures of disability and pain severity as well as measures of sensory (pressure pain thresholds, joint position sense), motor (grip strength, Purdue pegboard), and cognitive performance (Stroop test) and psychosocial variables related to pain and participation (West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory) were administered to 60 participants with wrist and hand pain. Pearson product correlations controlled for age and sex, and multiple linear regression was performed to determine the relationship between measures of impairment, pain severity, psychosocial variables, and pain interference with self-reported disability assessed with the Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire. RESULTS: The best-fitting regression model with DASH scores entered as the dependent variable (F4,50 = 28.8, P < .01) included MPI Pain Interference (ß = -0.54), Life Control (ß = -0.16), Purdue pegboard scores (ß = -0.32), and Stroop test times (ß = 0.21). Pain Interference had the strongest correlation with self-reported disability (adjusted R2 = 0.67, P < .01). CONCLUSION: Pain interference appears to be an important factor explaining the link between impairment, pain severity, and self-reported disability. Addressing pain interference may be important to improve outcomes in this population.

Bilateral sensory and motor as well as cognitive differences between persons with and without musculoskeletal disorders of the wrist and hand.

BACKGROUND: Sensory and motor disturbances are characteristic of musculoskeletal injuries and conditions. Rehabilitation interventions aimed at remediating these disturbances are traditionally exclusively targeted to the affected area. However, there is some evidence of bilateral changes in sensory and motor function associated with unilateral injuries and conditions suggesting central changes. Deficits on specific cognitive tasks have also been documented in persons with chronic pain. PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to determine if participants with unilateral pain arising from heterogeneous wrist/hand injuries and conditions demonstrate bilateral changes in sensory and motor functions as well as cognitive deficits. DESIGN/METHODS: Sensory (Pressure Pain Thresholds, Two Point Orientation Discrimination), Motor (grip strength and Purdue Pegboard), and Cognitive function (Stroop test and mental rotation task) were measured in 30 participants with wrist/hand pain and 30 healthy control participants in an observational cross-sectional study. RESULTS: Participants with unilateral wrist/hand pain demonstrated differences in cognitive function measured with the Stroop test (p = 0.03). They also demonstrated bilateral sensorimotor differences in pressure pain thresholds (p = 0.03), grip strength (p = 0.00) and Purdue pegboard test (p = 0.03) results compared to healthy control participants. CONCLUSION: Cognitive as well as bilateral alterations in sensory and motor function in participants with musculoskeletal injuries and conditions suggest central changes are involved in their pathophysiology. These findings in persons with heterogeneous injuries/conditions suggest that these changes are not specific to an injury/condition. Bilateral sensorimotor changes have important implications with regards to the pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders of the wrist/hand, for rehabilitative interventions and research.

Using Intra-arterial tPA for Severe Frostbite Cases. An Observational Comparative Retrospective Study.

Frostbite causes tissue damage through five major mechanisms, out of which two are amenable to treatment. The first-line treatment is rapid rewarming therapy using water at 40°C to 42°C, which addresses the formation of ice crystals in the intra and extra cellular compartments. The second mechanism is progressive tissue ischemia after rewarming and is only accessible to a second-line therapy represented by thrombolysis. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of thrombolysis. This is a single-center retrospective cohort study, where it was aimed to evaluate two groups of patients. A total of 18 patients were included in this study. Mean times between injury to thrombolytic therapy and admission to thrombolytic therapy was 26.04 hours (SD 13.6) and 9.65 hours (SD 9.89), respectively. All patients suffered injuries ranging from second-degree deep to third degree. The rate of patients having complete, partial, and no angiographic responses were 55.6%, 11.1%, and 33.3%, respectively. The main outcome of interest showed that 11 (61.1%) patients in total had amputations at different levels. Results showed that in the intervention group, five (55.6%) of the patients had amputations compared with six (66.7%) from the control group (P = .6) at comparable levels of amputation. The literature supports that the use of intra-arterial tissue plasminogen activator might be beneficial for severe cases of frostbites; however, it lacks of studies of major significance and results are often controversial. Our study has not shown statistically significant results on amputation levels and cannot support the hypothesis of efficacy of thrombolytic therapy.

A health utility assessment of trapeziectomy with ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition for thumb trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis.

Trapeziectomy with ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition (LRTI) for trapeziometacarpal joint osteoarthritis may have both postoperative benefits and complications. This study sought to determine the health state utility outcome measures of trapeziectomy with LRTI. Patients who underwent trapeziectomy with LRTI were invited to complete the brief Michigan Hand Questionnaire and utility questionnaires outcomes using a visual analogue scale , time trade-off and standard gamble. Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were derived from these utility measures. For this study 32 patients were recruited, with a mean age of 61. Most patients (27/32) perceived the procedure as successful. Utility measures and QALYs serve the purpose of comparing different surgical procedures in terms of their impact on the quality of life of patients as a function of the benefits and complications of each procedure. In this study, the utility of trapeziectomy with LRTI was less than has been described for open palmar fasciectomy but more than for total wrist arthrodesis. Level of evidence: IV.

Microcirculatory Free Flap Failure With Patent Anastomosis Salvaged by In Situ Thrombolysis in Vulnerable Phase Burn.

Free flap reconstruction in acute burns has high failure rates, relating mainly to a systemic inflammatory state. The "vulnerable phase" can last for 6 weeks after burn and can cause thrombosis of the flap microcirculation with patent arterial and venous anastomoses. Revision surgery alone may be unsuccessful, but thrombolysis can lead to flap salvage. We describe a case of successful flap salvage with thrombolysis after unsuccessful revision surgery by permeable arterial and venous anastomoses in a patient in the acute burn phase suffering from microcirculatory thrombosis. Thrombolysis in these cases has not been described to date, but it could contribute to salvaging flaps by radiological intervention alone. A 23-year-old man was admitted with a 38% TBSA burn, including loss of all eyelid skin. The right eye was reconstructed in a satisfactory manner, but the left eye required urgent corneal coverage on day 32 with a dorsalis pedis fasciocutaneous free flap. The flap was hypo-perfused postoperatively, but anastomoses were found to be permeable on exploration. Angiography performed postoperatively after revision confirmed anastomotic patency, but failed to demonstrate small vessel beds within the flap. Thus, r-tPa was given at the anastomosis site and immediately the flap recovered completely. However, a total of 10 packed red blood cell transfusions were needed over the next 9 days. Thrombolysis in the context of free flap microvascular compromise may improve the overall success rates, especially in acute-phase burn patients where this etiology may be found, due to a vulnerable inflammatory period.

Left Right Judgement Task and Sensory, Motor, and Cognitive Assessment in Participants with Wrist/Hand Pain.

The Left Right Judgement Task (LRJT) involves determining if an image of the body part is of the left or right side. The LRJT has been utilized as part of rehabilitation treatment programs for persons with pain associated with musculoskeletal injuries and conditions. Although studies often attribute changes and improvement in LRJT performance to an altered body schema, imaging studies suggest that the LRJT implicates other cortical regions. We hypothesized that cognitive factors would be related to LRJT performance of hands and feet and that sensory, motor, and pain related factors would be related to LRJT in the affected hand of participants with wrist/hand pain. In an observational cross-sectional study, sixty-one participants with wrist/hand pain participated in a study assessing motor imagery ability, cognitive (Stroop test), sensory (Two-Point Orientation Discrimination, pressure pain thresholds), motor (grip strength, Purdue Pegboard Test), and pain related measures (West Haven Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory) as well as disability (Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand). Multiple linear regression found Stroop test time and motor imagery ability to be related to LRJT performance. Tactile acuity, motor performance, participation in general activities, and the taking of pain medications were predictors of LRJT accuracy in the affected hand. Participants who took pain medications performed poorly in both LRJT accuracy (p=0.001) and reaction time of the affected hand (p=0.009). These participants had poorer cognitive (p=0.013) and motor function (p=0.002), and higher pain severity scores (p=0.010). The results suggest that the LRJT is a complex mental task that involves cognitive, sensory, motor, and behavioural processes. Differences between persons with and without pain and improvement in LRJT performance may be attributed to any of these factors and should be considered in rehabilitation research and practice utilizing this task.