ABSTRACT
Targeting the specific molecular proteins or genes which are responsible for the suppression of cancer growth is currently an emerging molecular method to treat cancer. ATRA treatment is now considered as a molecular targeted therapy for many cancers. As ATRA exhibits its therapeutic effect through its receptors, this study was focused to investigate the effect and action of liposomal-ATRA treatment on the expression of RAR-ß protein which is also a tumor suppressor. The liposomal-ATRA was developed with cationic DOTAP and cholesterol by thin-film formation method. The benzo(a)pyrene(50 mg/kg b.wt)-induced mice were treated with free and liposomal-ATRA(0.60 mg/kg b.wt). The RAR-ß protein expression in lung and liver tissue samples were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blotting (WB) on the 30th and 120th days. Almost nil expression of RAR-ß protein was observed in B(a)P cancer control and liposome alone-treated groups. A comparatively elevated expression was seen in the free ATRA-treated group (IHC score-2+ in lung on the 120th day with band density of 14.46 ± 1.24% in WB). Interestingly, the liposomal-ATRA treatment demonstrated a significantly (p ≤ 0.01) higher RAR-ß expression in lung (35.20 ± 3.398% band intensity and score 4+ in the 120th day) than that of in ATRA alone treatment. This study results indicate that the RAR-ß protein expression was suppressed by B(a)P during cancer induction even on the 30th day itself. The treatment could reactivate the suppression and the lipo-ATRA treatment could show significantly higher RAR-ß expression on the 120th day, which implies that it accumulated more ATRA in target site and sustained it for enhanced action.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage , Lung Neoplasms/metabolism , Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism , Tretinoin/administration & dosage , Animals , Benzo(a)pyrene , Cholesterol/chemistry , Disease Models, Animal , Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/chemistry , Liposomes , Liver/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , Lung/drug effects , Lung/metabolism , Lung Neoplasms/chemically induced , Male , Mice , Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/chemistryABSTRACT
The presence of unused dyes and dye degradation intermediates in the textile industry wastewaters is the major challenge in its treatment. A wide range of treatments including various physicochemical processes are used for this wastewater. Incomplete dye degradation results in hazardous colorless aromatic amine intermediates that are teratogenic in nature. A synergistic plant-microbe system operated in a sequential anaerobic-aerobic mode was evaluated for the complete degradation of a model azo dye methyl red under laboratory conditions. The degradation of methyl red and its break down products 2-aminobenzoic acid and N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine were analysed by HPLC, FTIR and GC-MS. The vetiver-microbe system had shown enhanced dye degradation. The dye decolourization percentage achieved for integrated plant-microbe treatment system (T) after anaerobic condition was 53.5⯱â¯6.2% and aerobic condition was 92⯱â¯3.4%. The removal efficiency of the intermediates 2-ABA and DMPD was found to be 89.79% in the integrated plant-microbe treatment system. The plant-microbe system was most effective in the removal of toxic aromatic amine as seen by lesser phytotoxicity for seed germination and teratogenicity in case of zebrafish development in the treated water.
