ABSTRACT
Resumo O artigo traz os resultados de uma pesquisa sobre as estratégias, expectativas e desejos de 28 homens transexuais na construção das suas masculinidades e reconstrução de seus corpos por meio da hormonização cruzada. A pesquisa qualitativa foi realizada em um ambulatório do processo transexualizador de um município da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Para a construção dos dados, foram utilizadas a entrevista semiestruturada e a observação participante, empreendidas entre os meses de novembro de 2019 e janeiro de 2020. A análise de conteúdo orientou a análise das falas, das quais emergiram as categorias que foram discutidas à luz dos conceitos de gênero, transexualidade e masculinidades, além de referências de estudos sobre raça/cor em suas articulações com a saúde. Os dados revelaram desejos, contradições e ambiguidades no que diz respeito à construção da masculinidade e à (re)construção de corpos mais adequados a ela; evidenciaram o desejo pelo padrão corporal de masculinidade que seria conquistado por meio da hormonização e de cirurgias, e a cor negra surgiu como uma importante marca de desigualdade. Concluímos que, mesmo refutando muitos traços do modelo de masculinidade, esses homens desejam adentrar esse mundo e confundir-se na multidão como homens, vivenciando a masculinidade mais plena.
Abstract This paper presents the research results on the strategies, expectations, and desires of 28 transsexual men in building their masculinities and reconstructing their bodies through cross-hormonization. The qualitative research was carried out in an outpatient clinic of the transsexualization process in a city in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. We employed semi-structured interviews and participant observation from November 2019 to January 2020 to collect data. Content analysis guided the analysis of the statements from which the discussed categories emerged. The categories were discussed in the light of the concepts of gender, transsexuality, and masculinity, besides references from studies on ethnicity/skin color in their articulations with health. The data revealed desires, contradictions, and ambiguities regarding the construction of masculinity and the (re)construction of bodies more suited to it. They also evidenced the desire for the male bodily standard achieved through hormonization and surgeries, and black skin color emerged as a critical inequality mark. We concluded that, while refuting many male model features, these men want to enter this world and blend in with the crowd as men, thus experiencing fuller masculinity.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the research results on the strategies, expectations, and desires of 28 transsexual men in building their masculinities and reconstructing their bodies through cross-hormonization. The qualitative research was carried out in an outpatient clinic of the transsexualization process in a city in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. We employed semi-structured interviews and participant observation from November 2019 to January 2020 to collect data. Content analysis guided the analysis of the statements from which the discussed categories emerged. The categories were discussed in the light of the concepts of gender, transsexuality, and masculinity, besides references from studies on ethnicity/skin color in their articulations with health. The data revealed desires, contradictions, and ambiguities regarding the construction of masculinity and the (re)construction of bodies more suited to it. They also evidenced the desire for the male bodily standard achieved through hormonization and surgeries, and black skin color emerged as a critical inequality mark. We concluded that, while refuting many male model features, these men want to enter this world and blend in with the crowd as men, thus experiencing fuller masculinity.
O artigo traz os resultados de uma pesquisa sobre as estratégias, expectativas e desejos de 28 homens transexuais na construção das suas masculinidades e reconstrução de seus corpos por meio da hormonização cruzada. A pesquisa qualitativa foi realizada em um ambulatório do processo transexualizador de um município da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Para a construção dos dados, foram utilizadas a entrevista semiestruturada e a observação participante, empreendidas entre os meses de novembro de 2019 e janeiro de 2020. A análise de conteúdo orientou a análise das falas, das quais emergiram as categorias que foram discutidas à luz dos conceitos de gênero, transexualidade e masculinidades, além de referências de estudos sobre raça/cor em suas articulações com a saúde. Os dados revelaram desejos, contradições e ambiguidades no que diz respeito à construção da masculinidade e à (re)construção de corpos mais adequados a ela; evidenciaram o desejo pelo padrão corporal de masculinidade que seria conquistado por meio da hormonização e de cirurgias, e a cor negra surgiu como uma importante marca de desigualdade. Concluímos que, mesmo refutando muitos traços do modelo de masculinidade, esses homens desejam adentrar esse mundo e confundir-se na multidão como homens, vivenciando a masculinidade mais plena.
Subject(s)
Masculinity , Men , Brazil , Humans , Male , Men's Health , Qualitative ResearchABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to determine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms in the growth hormone receptor (GHR) and insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R) genes are associated with different craniofacial phenotypes. METHODS: A total of 596 orthodontic and 98 orthognathic patients from 4 cities in Brazil were included for analyses. Angular and linear cephalometric measurements were obtained, and phenotype characterizations were performed. Genomic DNA was collected from buccal cells and single nucleotide polymorphisms in GHR (rs2910875, rs2973015, rs1509460) and IGF2R (rs2277071, rs6909681, rs6920141) were genotyped by polymerase chain reactions using TaqMan assay. Genotype-phenotype associations were assessed in the total sample (statistical significance was set at P <8.333 × 10-3) and by a meta-analytic approach implemented to calculate the single effect size measurement for the different cohorts. RESULTS: Rare homozygotes for the GHR rs2973015 showed increased measurements for the lower anterior facial height (ANS-Me) and mandibular sagittal lengths (Co-Gn and Go-Pg). In contrast, common homozygotes for the IGF2R rs6920141 presented reduced measurements for these dimensions (ANS-Me and Go-Pg). Furthermore, the less common homozygotes for IGF2R rs2277071 had reduced maxillary sagittal length (Ptm'-A'). The meta-analytical approach replicated the associations of rs2973015 with ANS-Me, rs2277071 with Ptm'-A', and rs6920141 with Go-Pg. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide further evidence that GHR contributes to the determination of mandibular morphology. In addition, we report that IGF2R is a possible gene associated with variations in craniofacial dimensions. Applying meta-analytical approaches to genetic variation data originating from likely underpowered samples may provide additional insight regarding genotype and/or phenotype associations.
Subject(s)
Carrier Proteins , Mouth Mucosa , Receptor, IGF Type 2 , Receptors, Somatotropin , Brazil , Carrier Proteins/genetics , Cephalometry , Humans , Mandible , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics , Receptor, IGF Type 2/genetics , Receptors, Somatotropin/geneticsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The present cross-sectional, multi-centre, genetic study aimed to determine, whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in tooth agenesis (TA)-associated GLI2 and GLI3 genes contribute to the development of craniofacial skeletal morphology in humans. DESIGN: Orthodontic patients from an ethnically heterogeneous population were selected for the present study (n = 594). The presence or absence of TA was determined by analysis of panoramic radiography and dental records. The subjects were classified according to their skeletal malocclusion and facial growth pattern by means of digital cephalometric analysis. Genomic DNA was extracted from squamous epithelial cells of the buccal mucosa and SNPs in GLI2 (rs3738880, rs2278741) and GLI3 (rs929387, rs846266) were analysed by polymerase chain reaction using TaqMan chemistry and end-point analysis. RESULTS: Class II skeletal malocclusion presented a significantly lower frequency of TA (P < 0.05). Subjects without TA showed significantly higher ANB angles (P < 0.05). Genotype and/or allele distributions of the SNPs in GLI2 (rs3738880, rs2278741) and GLI3 (rs846266) were associated with the presence of TA (P < 0.05). The SNPs rs3738880, rs2278741 and rs929387 were also associated with some type of skeletal malocclusion (P < 0.05), but not with the facial growth pattern (P > 0.05). The G allele for TA-related GLI2 rs3738880 was strongly linked to the presence of Class III skeletal malocclusion (OR = 2.03; 95% CI = 1.37-3.03; P<3125 × 10-6). GLI2 rs2278741 C allele was overrepresented in individuals without TA, suggesting it as a protective factor for this dental phenotype (OR = 0.43; 95% CI = 0.24-0.78; P<625 × 10-5). CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that SNPs in TA-associated GLI2 and GLI3 genes may also play a role in the development of skeletal malocclusions. rs3738880 and rs2278741 in GLI2 seems to contribute to the genetic background for skeletal Class III and TA, respectively. TA could be an additional predictor of craniofacial morphology in some cases. Further research replicating the reported associations should be performed.
Subject(s)
Craniofacial Abnormalities/genetics , Malocclusion/genetics , Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics , Nuclear Proteins/genetics , Zinc Finger Protein Gli2/genetics , Zinc Finger Protein Gli3/genetics , Cephalometry , Craniofacial Abnormalities/etiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Genotype , Humans , Malocclusion/etiology , Phenotype , Polymorphism, Single NucleotideABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the association of genetic variants inACTN3 and MYO1H with craniofacial skeletal patterns in Brazilians. DESIGN: This cross-sectional study enrolled orthodontic and orthognathic patients selected from 4 regions of Brazil. Lateral cephalograms were used and digital cephalometric tracings and analyzes were performed for craniofacial phenotype determination. Participants were classified according to the skeletal malocclusion in Class I, II or III; and according to the facial type in Mesofacial, Dolichofacial or Brachyfacial. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva samples containing exfoliated buccal epithelial cells and analyzed for genetic variants inACTN3 (rs678397 and rs1815739) and MYO1H (rs10850110) by real-time PCR. Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests were used for statistical analysis (α = 5%). RESULTS: A total of 646 patients were included in the present study. There was statistically significant association of the genotypes and/or alleles distributions with the skeletal malocclusion (sagittal skeletal pattern) and facial type (vertical pattern) for the variants assessed inACTN3 (P < 0.05). For the genetic variant evaluated in MYO1H, there was statistically significant difference between the genotypes frequencies for skeletal Class I and Class II (P < 0.05). The reported associations were different depending on the region evaluated. CONCLUSION: ACTN3 and MYO1H are associated with sagittal and vertical craniofacial skeletal patterns in Brazilian populations.
