ABSTRACT
RESUMO A rinossinusite aguda é uma das afecções mais prevalentes das vias aéreas superiores. Fatores anatômicos presentes em crianças e jovens propiciam o aparecimento de complicações orbitárias. Embora mais raras, as complicações intracranianas das rinossinusites perfazem um grau alto de letalidade, são mais comuns em pacientes acima de sete anos, e devem ser tratadas por uma equipe multidisciplinar.
ABSTRACT Acute rhinosinusitis is one of the most prevalent diseases of the upper airways. Anatomical factors present in children and young people allow for the onset of orbital complications. Although rare, intracranial complications of sinusitis account for a high degree of lethality, are more common in patients over the age of seven, and should be treated by a multidisciplinary team.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child , Orbital Diseases/etiology , Orbital Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Sinusitis/complications , Epidural Abscess/etiology , Epidural Abscess/diagnostic imaging , Orbital Diseases/surgery , Periosteum/pathology , Sinusitis/diagnostic imaging , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Drainage/methods , Acute Disease , Epidural Abscess/surgery , Abscess/surgery , Abscess/etiology , Abscess/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
The free exploratory paradigm has been proposed as a model of trait anxiety. By definition, trait anxiety does not vary from moment to moment, therefore any model used to evaluate it needs to give the same results in sequential trials. With this in mind, the test-retest reliability of the free-exploratory paradigm in rats was evaluated. The behaviour of drug-naive, adult, male, Wistar rats was measured in the free-exploratory apparatus on two occasions, either one week apart (Experiment I) or four weeks apart (Experiment II). The following parameters were evaluated: percentage of time spent in the novel compartment of the free exploratory box; percentage of novel compartment units visited; percentage of time rearing in the novel compartment; and attempts to enter the novel compartment. Subsequently, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the kappa index (kappa) were calculated for each of these parameters. The "percentage of time spent in the novel compartment" was found to be stable over time. Analysis of this parameter in Experiment I showed high values of ICC (0.805) and kappa (0.716), indicating good reliability with a one-week inter-trial interval. In Experiment II, although the same parameter's kappa index (0.255) failed to show a reasonable test/retest concordance, the ICC value (0.760) still demonstrated a good test/retest correlation, suggesting that with a four-week inter-trial interval, the reliability may diminish, but still exists. Therefore, our results bring further support to the free-exploratory paradigm as an animal model of trait anxiety.
