ABSTRACT
Trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR) is a reflexive response of bradycardia, hypotension and gastric hypermotility which is observed upon mechanical stimulation in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve. Previous articles have described TCR during intracranial operations, ophthalmic surgery, microcompression of the trigeminal ganglion and radiofrequency lesioning of the trigeminal ganglion. TCR may occur during transarterial embolization of dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) with Onyx, leading to a significant decrease in heart rate under a standard anesthetic protocol. TCR may also occur due to chemical stimulus of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in transvenous Onyx embolization of dural cavernous sinus fistula. Slow rate of injection may give DMSO enough time to dissipate in the blood stream which is important for the prevention of toxicity. This report confirms that the reflex was blunted by the anticholinergic effects of atropine and there was no harm to patients if stopped immediately.
Subject(s)
Dimethyl Sulfoxide/adverse effects , Embolization, Therapeutic/adverse effects , Polyvinyls/adverse effects , Reflex, Trigeminocardiac/drug effects , Atropine/pharmacology , Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations/complications , Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations/therapy , Humans , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Grazing disturbance is one of the ways to influence plant traits, and plant leaf traits actually reflect the adaptability of plants to the environment. In this study, taking Stipa krylovii steppe under different grazing intensities in Hulunbuir as research area, the relationships of leaf traits and the variation of plant traits among plant life-form functional groups was investigated. Results showed that plant traits with different life-forms had no significant difference in S. krylovii steppe. However, the relationships between plant traits were strongly correlated. The leaf phosphorus content (LPC) and the ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus (N/P) in the heavy grazing treatment had significant difference from those in the moderate grazing and the light grazing treatments. For different life-form functional groups, grazing disturbance had significant effect on LPC and N/P in the perennial forbs, indicating the perennial forbs were sensitive to grazing, and the plant nutrient utilization strategy was changed by heavy grazing. It was suggested that reasonable grazing could improve the nutrient traits of plants and restrain the degradation in S. krylovii steppe.
