Case Report: Unveiling an Incidentally Diagnosed Extrapulmonary Small Cell Carcinoma of the Rectum.

Extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma (EPSCC) is a rare malignancy with distinct clinical and pathological characteristics. We present the case of a 72-year-old male diagnosed with EPSCC of the rectum during a routine screening colonoscopy. The patient was asymptomatic, and pathological examination revealed a rectal mass displaying features of small cell carcinoma (SCC) associated with tubular adenoma. The treatment comprised radiation therapy and cisplatin/etoposide chemotherapy. This case underscores the importance of considering EPSCC as a potential diagnosis in patients with rectal masses, necessitating further studies to optimize treatment strategies.

Metastatic Colon Cancer Presenting as Gallbladder Perforation: Highlighting the Diagnostic Challenges and Clinical Implications.

Gallbladder perforation is an uncommon occurrence that demands prompt surgical intervention, typically observed in the context of acute cholecystitis. In this article, we present an extraordinary case of gallbladder gangrene and perforation, originating from metastasis of colon cancer. The patient's presentation included an incidental discovery of colon cancer, which was indicated by histopathology of the gall bladder. This case report aims to shed light on the intricate relationship between gallbladder pathology and metastatic colon cancer, emphasizing the need for vigilant evaluation and comprehensive management strategies.

Recurrent Bioprosthetic Valve Serratia marcescens Endocarditis in Intravenous Drug Users.

BACKGROUND We report 2 cases of recurrent right-sided endocarditis in 2 young patients known to be intravenous (i.v.) drug users. We highlight the importance of early diagnosis and management, especially in recurrent infection, which has a higher mortality rate and poor prognostic outcome despite antibiotic treatment. CASE REPORT A 30-year-old woman with a medical history of active i.v. drug use and tricuspid valve replacement owing to Serratia marcescens endocarditis 2 months prior to presentation was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit for septic shock. The patient did not respond to i.v. fluids and required vasopressors. Blood cultures returned positive for S. marcescens again. The antibiotic regimen consisted of meropenem and vancomycin. The patient underwent redo sternotomy, explant of old tricuspid valve bioprosthesis, debridement of tricuspid valve annulus, and bioprosthetic valve replacement. She continued antibiotic treatment during hospital admission for 6 weeks. In another similar case, a 30-year-old woman, also an i.v. drug user, was admitted to the hospital for tricuspid bioprosthetic valve S. marcescens endocarditis after tricuspid valve replacement 5 months prior to her presentation with S. marcescens endocarditis. Her antibiotic regimen consisted of meropenem and vancomycin. She was eventually transferred to a tertiary cardiovascular surgery center for further case management. CONCLUSIONS In the setting of recurrent bioprosthetic valve S. marcescens endocarditis, it is suggested that treatment should be more focused on source control, including cessation of i.v. drug abuse and providing appropriate antibiotic treatment to prevent recurrence because, in the case of recurrence, morbidity and mortality risk can increase significantly.

Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis - A Rare but Fatal Form of Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis - Complicated by Brain Herniation: A Case Report and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHLE) is a very rare fulminant post-infectious demyelinating disease of the CNS. We report an atypical presentation of AHLE involving unique brain areas 2 weeks following a viral upper-respiratory tract infection (URTI). Early diagnosis and proper management improve the prognosis of this disease, and AHLE can have a very poor prognosis and high mortality rate. CASE REPORT A 52-year-old male patient was referred for deteriorating consciousness 2 weeks after a viral URTI. An initial brain CT scan showed multiple patchy bilateral and diffuse hypodense areas including the cerebellar, occipital, parietal, and frontal lobes. The diagnostic workup also included CSF analysis and MRI of the brain, which revealed multiple areas of hemorrhagic involvement. Management included broad-spectrum antibiotics, acyclovir, mannitol, steroids, and plasmapheresis. On the fifth day of admission, brain CT showed severe diffuse edema and brain herniation. Unfortunately, despite prompt aggressive treatment measures, within 48 hours the patient died due to centrally-mediated hemodynamic instability. CONCLUSIONS We report a rare case of AHLE with a unique presentation and extensive unusual involvement of regions of periventricular and subcortical white matter, cerebellum, and midbrain. Early diagnosis along with appropriate management measures and intensive care can help decrease morbidity and mortality; therefore, prompt referral and high-level care should be sought for all patients who present with acute deteriorating consciousness. We hope that this report can help future studies to better characterize this rare disease and provide further guidance regarding prognosis and management.

Renovascular Hypertension with Superimposed Aortic Arch Baroreceptor Failure: Case Report and Review of Literature.

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerotic renal artery diseases are among the most common causes of secondary hypertension. Baroreceptors, as carotid and aortic, are important regulatory mechanisms of blood pressure; their disruption can lead to labile blood pressure due to sympathetic overactivity: an entity called neurogenic hypertension. A disease such as aortic dissection can lead to a challenging combined etiology of secondary hypertension. It can affect both or one of the renal arteries leading to a renovascular pathology that can cause hypertension through RAAS activation. Also, surgical repair of the dissected aortic arch can disrupt baroreceptors leading to neurogenic hypertension. Case Report. We report a case of an 83-year-old female patient investigated for recurrent episodes of aphasia. She has a history of hypertension and coronary artery disease. Surgical history is significant for aortic valve replacement complicated by type A aortic dissection requiring surgical repair. Following surgery, the patient developed difficult-to-control and labile blood pressure. Workup included a CT angiogram of the abdominal aorta that showed an infrarenal dominant abdominal aortic aneurysm with juxtarenal aortic dissection; these findings were similar to previous findings. A diagnosis of aortic baroreceptor failure following aortic dissection repair was established, which lead to labile hypertension with superimposed renovascular pathology due to unilateral compromised renal artery blood flow following aortic dissection and thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: This report highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis of secondary hypertension and its underlying mechanisms, as this has a huge impact on the choice of therapy to avoid undertreatment or overtreatment of hypertension.

Gender differences in management of patients undergoing catheter ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia.

BACKGROUND: Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is the most common type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Similar to other cardiac tests and interventions, gender bias may influence clinical decision making in providing appropriate care for AVNRT patients. We assessed for gender differences in the diagnosis and management of AVNRT patients who underwent catheter ablation. METHODS: Patients who underwent catheter ablation for AVNRT were included. We explored the gender difference on various clinical parameters such as the time from SVT symptoms, SVT diagnosis, and first electrophysiology consult to time of catheter ablation. RESULTS: Among 140 patients screened, 116 patients met the inclusion criteria, including 67.2% women. Median time from symptoms onset to SVT diagnosis was 18.5 months (interquartile range [IQR] 4.0-58.5) in women versus 4.0 months (0.75-34.7) in men, P = .005. Once SVT was diagnosed, women took a median of 12.5 months (IQR 3.0-57.0) to proceed with ablation versus 3.0 months (1.0-7.0) for men, P ≤ .001. It took a longer time from the first electrophysiology consultation to ablation: 54.5 days (20.75-144.75) for women versus 20.5 days (6.0-46.25) for men, P = .008. Overall, it took 60.0 months (IQR 12.8-132.0) for women to have an ablation from initial symptoms onset versus 15 months (IQR 4.6-48.0) for men, P = .001. Prior to ablation, women had 3.78 ± 3.79 (mean ± SD) emergency department visits for SVT versus men 1.52 ± 1.72 and women tried 1.28 ± 0.82 medications versus men 0.76 ± 0.68, P < .001 and .001, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates significant and multifactorial gender-related disparities in AVNRT diagnosis and treatment. Larger studies are needed to confirm these results.