ABSTRACT
The method used for obtaining data on the prevalence of licit and illicit drug abuse in Jordan during the period under study (1970 - 1977), included indirect measurements or indicators and direct estimates of abuse in different localities of Jordan. The study has shown changing patterns and trends of abuse of illicit drugs (hashish and other opiates) and licit psychoactive drugs (mainly tranquilizers and barbiturates) obtained on prescription. The incidence of licit drug abuse has been rising steadily in recent years. Drug abusers belong to a wide range of socio-economic backgrounds, occupations, and age groups. The findings were viewed in a broader socio-cultural context. The implications for prevention and intervention are discussed as well as the need for developing an adequate information system.
Subject(s)
Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Drug and Narcotic Control , Female , Health Surveys , Humans , Jordan , Male , Marijuana Abuse/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Sex Factors , Surveys and QuestionnairesSubject(s)
Hypertension, Pulmonary/drug therapy , Isoproterenol/therapeutic use , Vasodilator Agents , Administration, Oral , Adolescent , Adult , Azathioprine/therapeutic use , Cardiac Catheterization , Cardiac Output , Diphenhydramine/therapeutic use , Drug Evaluation , Humans , Hydrocortisone/therapeutic use , Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology , Hypoxia/blood , Infusions, Parenteral , Injections, Intravenous , Isoproterenol/administration & dosage , Myocardial Contraction , Oxygen/blood , Pulmonary Artery/diagnostic imaging , Radiography , Sodium Salicylate/therapeutic use , Vascular Resistance/drug effects , Vasodilator Agents/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Fifty Jordanian male and female students at the University of Jordan, Jordan were asked to draw a person. A significantly larger number of women than men drew a picture of the opposite-sex first. This appears in line with Craddick's finding for American college students. The frequency of drawing opposite-sex pictures first as a phenomenon characteristic of Jordanian and American female college students was discussed in terms of sociocultural factors and considered in the sex-role frame of reference. Suggestions for future research were presented.
Subject(s)
Cross-Cultural Comparison , Gender Identity , Identification, Psychological , Projective Techniques , Female , Humans , Jordan , Male , Sex Factors , United StatesSubject(s)
Amniotic Fluid/physiology , Blood Pressure , Cattle/embryology , Amniotic Fluid/analysis , Animals , Aorta , Aspirin/pharmacology , Cardiac Output , Female , Gestational Age , Hypertension, Pulmonary/chemically induced , Lipids/isolation & purification , Lipids/pharmacology , Oxygen/blood , Pregnancy , Pulmonary ArterySubject(s)
Cattle Diseases/chemically induced , Endotoxins , Hypertension, Pulmonary/chemically induced , Hypertension, Pulmonary/veterinary , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Aorta , Aspirin/therapeutic use , Blood Pressure , Cardiac Catheterization/adverse effects , Cardiac Catheterization/veterinary , Cardiac Output , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/etiology , Cattle Diseases/physiopathology , Cattle Diseases/prevention & control , Hypertension, Pulmonary/etiology , Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology , Hypertension, Pulmonary/prevention & control , Oxygen/blood , Pulmonary Artery , Respiratory Insufficiency/physiopathology , Respiratory Insufficiency/veterinarySubject(s)
Arrhythmias, Cardiac/diagnosis , Isoproterenol , Myocardial Infarction/diagnosis , Pericarditis/diagnosis , Action Potentials , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Atropine , Diagnosis, Differential , Electrocardiography , Female , Heart Rate/drug effects , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Myocardial Infarction/complications , Pacemaker, Artificial , Pericarditis/complicationsSubject(s)
Endotoxins/pharmacology , Hypertension, Pulmonary/immunology , Animals , Aspirin/pharmacology , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Cattle , Chlorpheniramine/pharmacology , Endotoxins/administration & dosage , Histamine/pharmacology , Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology , Male , Methysergide/pharmacology , Norepinephrine/pharmacology , Oxygen/blood , Phenoxybenzamine/pharmacology , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/immunology , Pulmonary Artery , Pulmonary Circulation , Serotonin/pharmacology , Time FactorsSubject(s)
Amniotic Fluid/analysis , Body Fluids/analysis , Cattle/physiology , Fetus/physiology , Urine , Alkaline Phosphatase/analysis , Animals , Bicarbonates/analysis , Bilirubin/analysis , Chlorides/analysis , Cholesterol/analysis , Extraembryonic Membranes/metabolism , Female , Fructose/analysis , Gestational Age , L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/analysis , Phosphates/analysis , Potassium/analysis , Pregnancy , Proteins/analysis , Sodium/analysis , Trachea/metabolism , Urachus , Uric Acid/analysisABSTRACT
The combination of arterial hypoxemia and low pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with liver cirrhosis is unexplained. Pulmonary microcirculatory dilation, but not gross arterio-venous shunts, has been the usual postmortem finding in patients with liver cirrhosis. When 10 patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis breathed 10% oxygen in nitrogen, they failed to increase their pulmonary vascular resistance. However, four patients with functional murmurs, three patients with hyperkinetic heart syndrome, six patients with normal pulmonary artery pressures and intracardiac left to right shunts, and five patients with renal failure and anemia all increased their pulmonary vascular resistances when they breathed 10% oxygen in nitrogen. These findings suggested that in liver cirrhosis the normal regulating mechanism (hypoxic vasoconstriction) of the pulmonary circulation may be impaired, resulting in failure of the lung to match perfusion with ventilation.
