Immunogenicity of bacteriophages.

Hundreds of trillions of diverse bacteriophages (phages) peacefully thrive within and on the human body. However, whether and how phages influence their mammalian hosts is poorly understood. In this review, we explore current knowledge and present growing evidence that direct interactions between phages and mammalian cells often induce host inflammatory and antiviral immune responses. We show evidence that, like viruses of the eukaryotic host, phages are actively internalized by host cells and activate conserved viral detection receptors. This interaction often generates proinflammatory cytokine secretion and recruitment of adaptive immune programs. However, significant variability exists in phage-immune interactions, suggesting an important role for structural phage characteristics. The factors leading to the differential immunogenicity of phages remain largely unknown but are highly influenced by their human and bacterial hosts.

Complete Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteriophage vB_PaeP_PaCe.

Here, we report the complete genome sequence of the virulent podovirus PaCe, which was isolated from wastewater in San Diego, California, using the host Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Its complete genome is 45,365 bp in length, with a GC content of 52.5%. PaCe belongs to the genus Bruynoghevirus in the class Caudoviricetes.