ABSTRACT
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most commonly form of dementia in the elderly. The development of molecules able to detect biomarkers characteristic of AD is critical to its understanding and treatment. However, such molecules must be able to pass blood-brain barrier (BBB) which is a major impediment to the entry of many therapeutic drugs into the brain. Such a limitation applies to the development of magnetic resonance imaging molecular neuroimaging agents using biomarkers of AD-like beta-amyloid deposits, as the common extracellular contrast agents (CAs) are not able to cross an intact BBB. In this work, we have studied the ability of a series of simple Eu(3+) complexes to enter cells overexpressing or not the ABCB1 (P-gp or P-glycoprotein) protein, which is expressed at the BBB and in human embryonic astrocytes. The intracellular uptake of the Eu(3+) complexes of linear and macrocyclic polyaminocarboxylate ligands with different charges and lipophilicities was followed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Based on biochemical argument, we propose that lipophilic contrast agents can be efficiently taken up by cells and accumulate inside mitochondria when they are positively charged. The important point is that they are not P-gp substrates, which is one of the major obstacles for them to cross the BBB.
Subject(s)
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Astrocytes/metabolism , Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism , Chelating Agents/metabolism , Contrast Media/metabolism , Europium/metabolism , Alzheimer Disease/metabolism , Astrocytes/drug effects , Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects , Cell Line, Tumor , Chelating Agents/chemistry , Chelating Agents/toxicity , Contrast Media/chemistry , Contrast Media/toxicity , Europium/chemistry , Europium/toxicity , Humans , Ligands , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effectsABSTRACT
A new series of P-glycoprotein (Pgp)-dependent multidrug resistance (MDR) inhibitors having a N,N-bis(cyclohexanol)amine scaffold have been designed, following the frozen analog approach. With respect to the parent flexible molecules, the new compounds show improved potency and efficacy. Among them, compound 1d, on anthracycline-resistant erythroleukemia K562 cells, is able to completely reverse Pgp-dependent MDR at low nanomolar concentration.
Subject(s)
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/physiology , Cyclohexanols/chemical synthesis , Drug Resistance, Multiple/drug effects , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Cyclohexanols/chemistry , Cyclohexanols/pharmacology , Doxorubicin/analogs & derivatives , Doxorubicin/pharmacology , Esters , Humans , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the presence of amyloid deposition. Thioflavin T (ThT) has been one of the molecules of choice to attempt the detection of these amyloid deposits. However, it has been reported that ThT was unable to cross blood-brain barrier (BBB). Our aim was to understand the mechanism according to which it has been said that ThT is not able to cross the BBB. For this purpose we have used cellular models overexpressing P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1), two proteins overexpressed in BBB. Our results show that: (i) ThT is able to cross membranes and to penetrate inside the cells; (ii) ThT is a P-gp substrate; (iii) ThT is poor MRP1 substrate. In conclusion, our results suggest that two factors could be involved in the low accumulation of ThT in the brain: ThT is a P-gp substrate and its lipophilicity is low.
