Prevalence and antibiogram of shigatoxinproducing E. coli in camel meat and offal.

Background: Camels are important animals in Egypt and other Arab countries on the basis of their economic value and ethnic culture. Escherichia coli is implicated in several gastrointestinal infections and outbreaks worldwide, especially in developing countries. It causes infections that might lead to death. Numerous biological activities, such as antioxidative, antibacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and diuretic, are associated with coriander and coriander essential oils. Aim: This work targeted investigation of the prevalence, antibiogram, and occurrence of virulence genes of E. coli in camel meat liver and kidney. Besides, the anti-E. coli activity of coriander oil was further examined. Methods: Camel meat, liver, and kidneys were collected from local markets in Egypt. Isolation and identification of E. coli were performed. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the obtained E. coli isolates was screened using the disk diffusion assay. To detect the presence of virulence-associated genes (stx1, stx2, eaeA, and hylA gens), polymerase chain reaction was used. An experimental trial was done to investigate the anti-E. coli activity of coriander oil. Results: The obtained results revealed isolation of the following E. coli pathotypes: O17:H18, O128:H2, O119:H6, O103:H4, O145:H-, and O121:H7. The recovered E. coli isolates practiced multidrug resistance profiling with higher resistance toward Erythromycin, Nalidixic Acid, Clindamycin, and Ampicillin. However, the isolates were sensitive to Meropenem and cefoxitin. The recovered isolates had expressed different virulence attributes. Coriander oil of 2% could significantly reduce E. coli O128 count in camel meat by 65%. Conclusion: Therefore, strict hygienic measures are highly recommended during the processing of camel meat. The use of coriander oil during camel meat processing is highly recommended to reduce E. coli count.

Effects of aflatoxin B1 on human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells: cytotoxicity, oxidative damage, metabolic, and immune-modulatory transcriptomic changes.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a potent mycotoxin that is commonly produced by molds such as Aspergillus (A.) flavus and A. parasiticus. AFB1 is associated with several health adverse effects in humans including mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. Aflatoxin is commonly secreted in the milk leading to deleterious effects on breast tissue and potential nursing infants. However, the effects of aflatoxins, particularly AFB1, on the breast cells are less investigated. In this study, AFB1-associated effects on human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) were investigated. AFB1 caused significant cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cells. Such cytotoxicity had a positive correlation with the induction of oxidative stress. In addition, AFB1 caused significant transcriptomic alterations in xenobiotics and drug-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and antioxidant enzymes. Besides, AFB1 upregulated pro-inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-α and cyclooxygenase-2 with a significant reduction of mRNA expressions of the immunity-related genes including interleukins 8 and 10.

Prevalence of multidrug resistant Salmonella spp. in dairy products with the evaluation of the inhibitory effects of ascorbic acid, pomegranate peel extract, and D-tryptophan against Salmonella growth in cheese.

The present study aimed at investigation of the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella spp. in the retailed dairies in Egypt. Besides, the inhibitory effects of some natural additives, including, ascorbic acid, pomegranate peel extract, and D-tryptophan against the isolated Salmonella were evaluated using soft cheese as a food matrix. To reach to this end, different Egyptian retail dairy products were investigated; 30 samples of each product were analyzed. Kariesh cheese samples had the highest Salmonella prevalence rate at 16.67%, followed by market raw milk, and bulk tank milk at 6.66% each, and white soft cheese at 3.33%. Serological examination exhibited 5 different Salmonella serotypes, namely S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Virchow, S. Larochelle, and S. Apeyeme. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicated that 100% of the isolates possessed resistance to erythromycin, oxacillin, and nalidixic acid. Some isolates of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis were resistant to all 14 examined antibiotics. Isolates of S. Enteritidis obtained in this study were used to contaminate the freshly prepared soft cheese. Treatment of the artificially Salmonella-contaminated soft cheese with pomegranate peel extract, ascorbic acid, and D-tryptophan revealed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in Salmonella growth in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, the examined natural additives can be viewed as a promising new line of preservatives for dairy industry.

Antimicrobial-resistant foodborne pathogens in the Middle East: a systematic review.

Foodborne pathogens are known as significant public health hazards worldwide, particularly in the Middle East region. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among foodborne pathogens becomes one of the top challenges for the environment, public health, and food safety sectors. However, less is known about antimicrobial-resistant foodborne pathogens in the Middle East region. Possibly because of the lack of surveillance, documentation, and reporting. This review focuses on the current status of antimicrobial resistance profiling among foodborne pathogens in the Middle East. Therefore, PubMed and other relevant databases were searched following PRISMA guidelines. Subject heading and texts were searched for "antimicrobial resistances," "foodborne," and "Middle East" to identify observational studies on AMR foodborne pathogens published during the last 10 years (2011 to 2020). Article retrieval and screening were done using a structured search string and strict inclusion/exclusion criteria. Median and interquartile ranges of percent resistance were calculated for each antibiotic-bacterium combination. A total of 249 articles were included in the final analysis from ten countries, where only five countries had more than 85% of the included articles. The most commonly reported pathogens were Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria spp. An apparent rise in drug resistance among foodborne pathogens was recorded particularly against amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, and tetracycline that are commonly prescribed in most countries in the Middle East. Besides, there is a lack of standardization and quality control for microbiological identification and susceptibility testing methods in many of the Middle East countries.

Content of total aflatoxin, lead, and cadmium in the bovine meat and edible offal: study of their human dietary intake, health risk assessment, and molecular biomarkers.

The objectives of the present study were first to determine the residual contents of total aflatoxins (AFTs), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) in the edible tissues of the cattle reared in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. Al-Ahsa is the largest governorate in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The two main economic activities of Al-Ahsa are oil production (industrial) and agriculture. Besides, dietary intake and possible health risks for Saudi population were further calculated. In order to establish potential molecular biomarkers for xenobiotic exposure in cattle, the mRNA expression of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XMEs) including cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 (NQO1), metallothionein (MT) 1A, and heat shock protein (HSP) 70 was investigated in the different tissues of the cattle. The tested XMEs were selected because of their specific roles in the metabolism and detoxification of AFTs, Pb, and Cd. The obtained results revealed that the liver had significantly the highest AFT content, while all examined muscle samples had no AFT residues. Consumption of the bovine liver and kidneys represents the highest source for the dietary exposure to total AFTs (0.05-0.98 µg/kg/day), Pb (0.06-0.19 mg/kg/day), and Cd (0.08-0.19 mg/kg/day) among the examined tissues. Therefore, excessive intake of such organs might pose a public health concern, particularly among children. Significant upregulation of mRNA expressions of CYP1A1, NQO1, MT1A, and HSP70 was observed in the different tissues of the cattle in comparison with the muscle. This upregulation had significant positive correlation with the accumulated AFTs, Pb, and Cd. This indicates the possible use of CYP1A1, NQO1, MT1A, and HSP70 as potential biomarkers for the exposure of the cattle to AFTs, Pb, and Cd.

Formation of biogenic amines in fish: Dietary intakes and health risk assessment.

Biogenic amines (BAs) are toxicants that are produced during the proteolytic activities of some microorganisms, or naturally during the metabolism of their precursor amino acids. The objective of this study was to estimate the formed BAs in six types of fish retailed in Egypt including tilapia, mullet, mackerel, sardine, herring, and tuna. In addition, total mesophilic (TMC) and total psychrophilic (TPsC) bacterial counts were investigated. Furthermore, the estimated daily intakes (EDI) of BAs via the ingestion of various types of fish in Egypt were calculated, and their potential health risks were discussed. The achieved results indicated the formation of histamine (HIS), tyramine (TYR), cadaverine (CAD), putrescine, spermine, and spermidine at different concentrations. Tilapia had the lowest concentration levels for the different BAs. In contrast, mackerel and tuna had the highest concentrations of BAs. Total biogenic amines (TBAs) showed significant positive correlations with TMC in the examined fish species. The recorded EDI values of the different BAs in the current study would not have adverse effects, except for mackerel and tuna. Excessive consumption of fish contaminated with BA might have serious health hazards such as symptoms of histamine poisoning, including rashes, flushing, palpitations, and asthma. Therefore, the adoption of strict hygienic measures during the processing, storage, and distribution of fish is highly recommended to reduce the formation of BAs in fish.

Levels of biogenic amines in cheese: correlation to microbial status, dietary intakes, and their health risk assessment.

Biogenic amines (BAs) are natural toxicants produced during the metabolism of their precursor amino acids or due to the proteolytic activities of some microorganisms. The objective of this study was to estimate the formed BAs in five types of the most commonly consumed and retailed cheese in Egypt. The examined cheese types included Feta, Karish, Mozzarella, Rumy, and Mish. Besides, the total mesophilic (TMC) and total psychrophilic (TPsC) bacterial counts were investigated. Furthermore, the estimated daily intakes (EDI) of BAs via the ingestion of various types of cheese were calculated, and their potential health risks were discussed. The achieved results indicated the formation of histamine (HIS), tyramine (TYR), cadaverine (CAD), putrescine, spermine, and spermidine at different concentrations. Except for Feta cheese, all samples (100%) of other cheese types had HIS concentrations higher than the established maximum permissible limits. Mish cheese contained the highest concentrations of total BAs, particularly, HIS, TYR, and CAD. TBA content showed significant positive correlations with TMC in the examined cheese types. The recorded EDI values of the different BAs in the current study would not have adverse effects. However, excessive consumption of cheese contaminated with BA might have serious health implications such as symptoms of histamine poisoning. Therefore, the adoption of strict hygienic measures during the production, storage, and distribution of cheese is highly recommended to reduce the formation of BAs in cheese.

Microbial quality and formation of biogenic amines in the meat and edible offal of Camelus dromedaries with a protection trial using gingerol and nisin.

This study aimed firstly at the investigation of the microbial status of the camel meat and edible offal including liver, kidneys, lungs, rumen, and duodenum distributed at local markets of Egypt. Total plate count, total psychrophilic counts, total Enterobacteriaceae count, the most probable number of coliforms, and total mold counts were monitored at the collected samples. The produced biogenic amines (BA) in the camel meat and offal were further estimated. An experimental trial to investigate the antimicrobial potentials of either nisin, gingerol, or an equal mixture of both using camel muscle as a food matrix was conducted. The achieved results declared a high microbial load in the camel meat and the offal. Duodenum and rumen had the highest microbial counts followed by lungs, kidneys, liver, and muscle, respectively. Similarly, duodenum and rumen had the highest levels of BA, including tyramine, spermine, putrescine, cadaverine, and histamine. Both of nisin and ginger showed significant antimicrobial properties in a concentration-dependent manner. Thus, efficient hygienic measures during the handling of camel meat are highly recommended. In addition, using nisin, gingerol, or a mixture of both is an efficient strategy for improving the microbiological quality of the camel meat.

Correction to: Deoxynivalenol-induced alterations in the redox status of HepG2 cells: identification of lipid hydroperoxides, the role of Nrf2-Keap1 signaling, and protective effects of zinc.

The original version of this paper was published with error. The presentation of author name "Tan Hui" should be "Hui Tan".

Deoxynivalenol-induced alterations in the redox status of HepG2 cells: identification of lipid hydroperoxides, the role of Nrf2-Keap1 signaling, and protective effects of zinc.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a type B trichothecenes that is widely contaminating human and animal foods, leading to several toxicological implications if ingested. Induction of oxidative stress and production of lipid peroxides were suggested to be the reasons for DON-induced cytotoxicity. However, detailed and comprehensive profiling of DON-related lipid hydroperoxides was not identified. Furthermore, the mechanisms behind DON-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress have received less attention. Zinc (Zn) is an essential element that has antioxidant activities; however, the protective effects of Zn against DON-induced adverse effects were not examined. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate DON-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative damage to human HepG2 cell lines. Furthermore, a quantitative estimation for the formed lipid hydroperoxides was conducted using LC-MS/MS. In addition, DON-induced transcriptomic changes on the inflammatory markers and antioxidant enzymes were quantitatively examined using qPCR. The protective effects of Zn against DON-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress, the formation of lipid hydroperoxides (LPOOH), and antioxidant status in HepG2 cells were investigated. Finally, the effects of DON and Zn on the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway were further explored. The achieved results indicated that DON caused significant cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells accompanied by significant oxidative damage and induction of the inflammatory markers. Identification of DON-related LPOOH revealed the formation of 22 LPOOH species including 14 phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxides, 5 triacylglycerol hydroperoxides, and 3 cholesteryl ester hydroperoxides. DON caused significant downregulation of Nrf2-regulated antioxidant enzymes. Zn administration led to significant protection of HepG2 cells against DON-induced adverse effects, probably via activation of the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway.

Prevalence, virulence attributes, and antibiogram of Bordetella avium isolated from turkeys in Egypt.

Turkey coryza is a major respiratory disease caused by Bordetella avium (B. avium). It occurs in all ages of turkeys and is characterized by high morbidity and low mortality rates. The present study aimed firstly at determination of the prevalence rates of B. avium in turkeys reared in Egypt at different ages using various diagnostic methods including clinical examination, histopathology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), bacterial culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using PCR, virulence-associated genes were detected in the confirmed B. avium isolates. Furthermore, the antibiotic resistance profiles of the confirmed B. avium isolates were examined. The achieved results indicated isolation and identification of B. avium infection at different ages of turkeys reared in Egypt. The overall PCR-confirmed prevalence rate of B. avium was 22.95%. The identified B. avium strains harbored virulence-associated genes responsible for colonization in the respiratory tract of turkeys including Bordetella virulence gene (100%), fimbriae (71.14%), and filamentous hemagglutinin (85.68%). The isolated B. avium strains showed multidrug resistance profiles. B. avium isolates were resistant to penicillin (92.82%), ceftiofur (85.68%), nalidixic acid (78.54%), and lincomycin (71.40%). The identified B. avium strains showed clear sensitivities to both gentamicin and neomycin, suggesting these as possible antimicrobial candidates for the control of B. avium infection in turkeys.

Identification of cadmium-produced lipid hydroperoxides, transcriptomic changes in antioxidant enzymes, xenobiotic transporters, and pro-inflammatory markers in human breast cancer cells (MCF7) and protection with fat-soluble vitamins.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal that is regarded as a metallohormone with estrogen-like properties. The present study aimed at identification of lipid hydroperoxides produced in human breast cancer (MCF7) exposed to cadmium (Cd) at environmentally relevant levels. Cd induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress and produced a series of 26 lipid hydroperoxide species including 14 phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxides (PC-OOH), 9 triacylglycerol hydroperoxides (TG-OOH), and 3 cholesteryl ester hydroperoxides (CE-OOH). Among these hydroperoxides, PC34:2-OOH, PC34:3-OOH, TG60:14-OOH, TG48:5-OOH, TG60:15-OOH, and CE20:4-OOH were produced in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting these as possible biomarkers for Cd exposure in MCF7 cells. In addition, Cd led to significant decreases in the gene expressions of antioxidants, detoxification enzymes, and xenobiotic transporters. In a protection trial, co-exposure of MCF7 cells to fat-soluble vitamins including vitamin A, D, and E reduced Cd-induced cytotoxicity, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. Fat-soluble vitamins upregulated antioxidant and detoxification enzymes, and xenobiotic transporters. Therefore, dietary supplementation of such micronutrients is recommended for people at risk for exposure to Cd.

Identification of lead-produced lipid hydroperoxides in human HepG2 cells and protection using rosmarinic and ascorbic acids with a reference to their regulatory roles on Nrf2-Keap1 antioxidant pathway.

Lead (Pb) is one of the toxic heavy metals that have several toxicological implications including cytotoxicities and oxidative stress. The release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) usually initiates lipid peroxidation and resulting in inflammation and tissue injury. However, the detailed identification of the Pb-produced lipid hydroperoxides has received little attention. Furthermore, the mechanisms behind such effects are less informed. Therefore, this study firstly investigated Pb-produced lipid hydroperoxides in human HepG2 cells using LC/MS. The effects of Pb on the antioxidant enzymes were additionally examined using qPCR and their dependent activities. As a protection trial, the ameliorative effects of rosmarinic (RMA) and ascorbic (ASA) acids on Pb-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress and their regulatory effects on Nrf2/Keap1 pathway were investigated. The achieved results confirmed cytotoxicity and oxidative damage of Pb on HepG2 cells. In addition, 20 lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) were identified including 11 phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxides (PCOOH), 5 triacylglycerol hydroperoxides (TGOOH) and 4 cholesteryl ester hydroperoxides (CEOOH). The most dominant LOOH species were PCOOH 34:2, PCOOH 34:3, PCOOH 38:7, TGOOH 60:14, TGOOH 60:15, CEOOH 18:3 and CEOOH 20:4. Pb significantly downregulated Nrf2-regulated antioxidant enzymes at both the pretranscriptional and functional levels. Co-exposure of HepG2 cells to RMA and ASA significantly reduced Pb-produced adverse outcomes. This protection occurred via activation Nrf2-Keap1 antioxidant pathway.

Tissue distribution and characterization of feline cytochrome P450 genes related to polychlorinated biphenyl exposure.

Cats have been known to be extremely sensitive to chemical exposures. To understand these model species' sensitivity to chemicals and their toxicities, the expression profiles of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes should be studied. Unfortunately, the characterization of cytochrome P450 (CYP), the dominant enzyme in phase I metabolism, in cats has not extensively been studied. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are known as CYP inducers in animals, but the information regarding the PCB-induced CYP expression in cats is limited. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to elucidate the mRNA expression of the CYP1-CYP3 families in the cat tissues and to investigate the CYP mRNA expression related to PCB exposure. In cats, the greatest abundance of CYP1-CYP3 (CYP1A2, CYP2A13, CYP2C41, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP2E2, CYP2F2, CYP2F5, CYP2J2, CYP2U1, and CYP3A132) was expressed in the liver, but some extrahepatic isozymes were found in the kidney (CYP1A1), heart (CYP1B1), lung (CYP2B11 and CYP2S1) and small intestine (CYP3A131). In cats, CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 were significantly upregulated in the liver as well as in several tissues exposed to PCBs, indicating that these CYPs were distinctly induced by PCBs. The strong correlations between 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (CB77) and CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA expressions were noted, demonstrating that CB77 could be a potent CYP1 inducer. In addition, these CYP isoforms could play an essential role in the PCBs biotransformation, particularly 3-4 Cl-PCBs, because a high hydroxylated metabolite level of 3-4 Cl-OH-PCBs was observed in the liver.

Estimation of cadmium content in Egyptian foodstuffs: health risk assessment, biological responses of human HepG2 cells to food-relevant concentrations of cadmium, and protection trials using rosmarinic and ascorbic acids.

Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant that can get entry into human body via ingestion of contaminated foods causing multiple organ damage. This study aimed at monitoring Cd residues in 20 foodstuffs of animal origin that are commonly consumed in Egypt. Health risk assessment was conducted via calculation of Cd dietary intakes and non-carcinogenic target hazard quotient. An in vitro approach was performed to investigate the constitutive effects of Cd on human hepatoma (HepG2) cells under food-relevant concentrations. Trials to reduce Cd-induced adverse effects on HepG2 cells were done using rosmarinic (RMA) and ascorbic acids (ASA). The achieved results indicated contamination of the tested foodstuffs with Cd at high levels with potential human health hazards. Cd at food-relevant concentrations caused significant cytotoxicity to HepG2 cells. This may be attributed to induction of oxidative stress and inflammation, as indicated by the overexpression of stress and inflammatory markers. At the same time, Cd downregulated xenobiotic transporters and upregulated the proliferation factors. Co-exposure of HepG2 cells to Cd and micronutrients such as RMA and ASA led to recovery of cells from the oxidative damage, and subsequently cell viability was strongly improved. RMA and ASA ameliorated the biological responses of HepG2 cells to Cd exposure.

Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content in heat-treated meat retailed in Egypt: Health risk assessment, benzo[a]pyrene induced mutagenicity and oxidative stress in human colon (CaCo-2) cells and protection using rosmarinic and ascorbic acids.

This study was undertaken to estimate the concentrations of the formed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in heat-treated (boiled, pan-fried and grilled) meats collected from Egypt. Dietary intakes and cancer risks of PAHs among Egyptian adults were calculated. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-induced mutagenicity and oxidative stress in human colon (CaCo-2) cell line and mechanisms behind such effects were also investigated. Finally, protection trials using rosmarinic (RMA) and ascorbic acids (ASA) were carried out. The results indicated formation of PAHs at high levels in the heat-treated meats. Calculated incremental life time cancer risk among Egyptian adults were 7.05179E-07, 7.00604 E-06 and 1.86069 E-05 due to ingestion of boiled, pan-fried and grilled meats, respectively. B[a]P-exposed CaCo-2 cells had high abilities for mutagenicity (490.05 ±â€¯21.37 His + revertants) and production of reactive oxygen species. RMA and ASA protected CaCo-2 cells via reduction of B[a]P-induced mutagenicity and oxidative stress and upregulation of phase II detoxification enzymes and xenobiotic transporters.

Characterization of function and genetic feature of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase in avian species.

Birds are exposed to many xenobiotics during their lifetime. For accurate prediction of xenobiotic-induced toxic effects on avian species, it is necessary to understand metabolic capacities in a comprehensive range of bird species. However, there is a lack of information about avian xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XMEs), particularly in wild birds. Uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) is an XME that plays an important role in phase II metabolism in the livers of mammals and birds. This study was performed to determine the characteristics of UGT1E isoform in avian species, those are related to mammals UGT 1A. To understand the characteristics of avian UGT1E isoforms, in vitro metabolic activity and genetic characteristics were investigated. Furthermore, mRNA expression levels of all chicken UGT1E isoforms were measured. On in vitro enzymatic analysis, the white-tailed eagle, great horned owl, and Humboldt penguin showed lower UGT-dependent activity than domestic birds. In synteny analysis, carnivorous birds were shown to have fewer UGT1E isoforms than herbivorous and omnivorous birds, which may explain why they have lower in vitro UGT activity. These observations suggested that raptors and seabirds, in which UGT activity is low, may be at high risk if exposed to elevated levels of xenobiotics in the environment. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that avian UGT1Es have evolved independently from mammalian UGT1As. We identified the important UGT isoforms, such as UGT1E13, and suspected their substrate specificities in avian xenobiotic metabolism by phylogenetic and quantitative real-time PCR analysis. This is the first report regarding the genetic characteristics and interspecies differences of UGT1Es in avian species.

Estimation and Human Health Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticides in Raw Milk Marketed in Zagazig City, Egypt.

Milk is nearly a perfect natural food and is widely used by all segments of our population especially for infants and the elderly. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been used worldwide, particularly in many African countries as in Egypt for the control of pests. OCPs are characterized by their bioaccumulation in the environment, especially in the food chain, where they find their way into the human body. The objectives of this study were initially to estimate the residual concentrations of different OCPs in three kinds of fresh and raw milk from different animals (cattle, buffalo, and goat) marketed in Egypt. Additionally, human dietary intake and risk assessment of OCPs were calculated. The tested OCPs included pp-DDT and its metabolites pp-DDD and pp-DDE; hexachlorohexanes (HCHs) including α HCH and γ HCH; heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide; aldrin and endrin; chlordane, methoxychlor, and hexachloride benzene. The recorded results revealed that goat and buffalo milk samples had the highest incidence of OCPs' contamination (75% for each), while this percentage was 50% in cow's milk. The mean values of ΣOCPs were 317.83 ± 34.11, 605 ± 50.54, and 1210.57 ± 99.55 (ppb/ww) in the examined cattle, buffalo, and goat milk samples, respectively. All examined OCPs were within the maximum permissible limits (MPLs) set by World Health Organization with only 10% of goat milk samples exceeding this MRL. The estimated daily intake, noncancer, and cancer health risk assessment of the tested OCPs revealed the potential cancer risk especially among children consuming goat's milk. The public health importance of such OCPs was discussed.