Heme Oxygenase-1, Cardiac Senescence, and Myocardial Infarction: A Critical Review of the Triptych.

PURPOSE: Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a crucial enzyme in heme metabolism, facilitating the breakdown of heme into biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and free iron. Renowned for its potent cytoprotective properties, HO-1 showcases notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. In this review, the authors aim to explore the profound impact of HO-1 on cardiac senescence and its potential implications in myocardial infarction (MI). RESULTS: Recent research has unveiled the intricate role of HO-1 in cellular senescence, characterized by irreversible growth arrest and functional decline. Notably, cardiac senescence has emerged as a pivotal factor in the development of various cardiovascular conditions, including MI. Notably, cardiac senescence has emerged as an important factor in the development of various cardiovascular conditions, including myocardial infarction (MI). The accumulation of senescent cells, spanning vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, and progenitor cells, poses a significant risk for cardiovascular diseases such as vascular aging, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and ventricular remodeling. Inhibition of cardiomyocyte senescence not only reduces senescence-associated inflammation but also impacts other myocardial lineages, hinting at a broader mechanism of propagation in pathological remodeling. HO-1 has been shown to improve heart function and mitigate cardiomyocyte senescence induced by ischemic injury and aging. Furthermore, HO-1 induction has been found to alleviate H2O2-induced cardiomyocyte senescence. As we grow in our understanding of antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, anti-aging, and vascular effects of HO-1, we see the potential to exploit potential links between individual susceptibility to cardiac senescence and myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: This review investigates strategies for upregulating HO-1, including gene targeting and pharmacological agents, as potential therapeutic approaches. By synthesizing compelling evidence from diverse experimental models and clinical investigations, this study elucidates the therapeutic potential of targeting HO-1 as an innovative strategy to mitigate cardiac senescence and improve outcomes in myocardial infarction, emphasizing the need for further research in this field.

Social determinants of health and its impact on cardiovascular disease in underserved populations: A critical review.

In the United States, a patient succumbs to cardiovascular disease (CVD) every 33 seconds and costs the healthcare system close to $240 billion dollars annually. Social determinants of health (SDOH) are key factors responsible in structuring the well-being of individuals and communities. It significantly influences health outcomes and is reliant on several factors such as economic stability, education, healthcare access, community composition, and governmental policies. This review explores the impact of SDOH on the escalating global burden of CVD and identifies potential modifiable risk factors that contribute to acute coronary syndrome (ACS) among underserved communities. In addition, it also addresses the necessity for interventions to narrow healthcare related disparities ensuring improvement in CVD outcomes in this subgroup of population.

The Effect of Acebrophylline vs Sustained Release Theophylline in Patients of COPD- A Comparative Study.

INTRODUCTION: Over the past several decades, the use of drug therapy in COPD has expanded, and provides an optimistic picture. Methyixanthines are used freely in COPD. Of them, Theophylline is an age old bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory agent while Acebrophylline is a newer one. Both are used as add on therapy in management of stable COPD patients on LAMA (long acting muscarinic antagonists like Tiotropium) in present day respiratory practice. This study was designed to compare the efficacy as well as tolerability/side-effects of these two drugs at recommended doses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An open randomized comparative longitudinal study was conducted on 40 moderate degree COPD patients over a period of one year. The patients were randomized into Group-1:receiving Acebrophylline 100mg twice daily and Group-2: receiving sustained release (SR) Theophylline 300mg once daily orally, in addition to 18µgm Tiotropium inhalation per day through metered dose inhaler. Spirometric variables, symptomatic benefit and adverse effects were recorded on three visits (day '0', '21' and '42'). All the data were analyzed by SPSS version 17. RESULTS: A comparable clinical improvement of symptoms score and spirometric parameters with both the drugs has been observed (p-value>0.05). Amount of sputum, frequency of use of reliever medication and dyspnoea showed improvement with both the drugs but cardiovascular side effects are less with Acebrophylline. CONCLUSION: This study reaffirms the rationale of use of Methylxanthines as add on therapy with LAMA in COPD management and cardiac safety level with Acebrophylline was considerable.

Assessment of RV Function in Patients of (COPD).

INTRODUCTION: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) has considerable effects on cardiac functions primarily affecting the pulmonary vasculature and then right ventricle along with left ventricle. One of the important causes of increased morbidity and mortality associated with COPD is cor pulmonale. Echocardiography provides a rapid, non-invasive method to evaluate cardiac changes. Our aim was to evaluate RVfunction in COPD as per guidelines of American Society of Echocardiography with an aim to find a simpler way of predicting cardiac morbidity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross sectional observational study was conducted on 17 COPD patients attending Respiratory Medicine outdoor of R. G. KAR Medical College, Kolkata, India, through history taking, clinical examination, PFT (PFT) and Echocardiography. Statistical analysis was done by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version-17. RESULTS: Fractional area change of RV (FAC-%) was positively correlated with Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1) (r = 0.4879), FEV1/ Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) ratio (r = 0.5048) and Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) (r = 0.5361). There was strong negative correlation of Systolic Pulmonary Artery Pressure (SPAP) with FEV1/FVC ratio (r = -0.5553) and PEFR (r = - 0.4604). Right Index of Myocardial Performance (RIMP) of right ventricle was negatively correlated with FEV1/FVC ratio (r = - 0.598), PEFR (r = - 0.619), Forced Expiratory Flow (FEF) 25-75 (r = -0.515). Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) did not show any association with PFT parameters though it showed strong positive correlation with RV wall thickness. CONCLUSION: This study substantiates that FAC% and RIMP can be vital prognostic factors for RV function apart from SPAP, TAPSE to define RV dysfunction and predict morbidity in COPD.

Electrophoretic fabrication of chitosan-zirconium-oxide nanobiocomposite platform for nucleic acid detection.

The present work describes electrophoretic fabrication of nanostructured chitosan-zirconium-oxide composite (CHIT-NanoZrO(2)) film (180 nm) onto indium-tin-oxide (ITO)-coated glass plate. This nanobiocomposite film has been explored as immobilization platform for probe DNA specific to M. Tuberculosis as model biomolecule to investigate its sensing characteristics. It is revealed that pH-responsive behavior of CHIT and its cationic skeleton is responsible for the movement of CHIT-NanoZrO(2) colloids toward cathode during electrophoretic deposition. The FT-IR, SEM, TEM, and EDX techniques have been employed for the structural, morphological, and composition analysis of the fabricated electrodes. The morphological studies clearly reveal uniform inter-linking and dispersion of hexagonal nanograins of ZrO(2) (30-50 nm) into the chitosan matrix, resulting in homogeneous nanobiocomposite formation. Electrochemical response measurements of DNA/CHIT-NanoZrO(2)/ITO bioelectrode, carried out using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry, reveal that this bioelectrode can specifically detect complementary target DNA up to 0.00078 µM with sensitivity of 6.38 × 10(-6) AµM(-1).

Recent advances in polyaniline based biosensors.

The present paper contains a detailed overview of recent advances relating to polyaniline (PANI) as a transducer material for biosensor applications. This conducting polymer provides enormous opportunities for binding biomolecules, tuning their bio-catalytic properties, rapid electron transfer and direct communication to produce a range of analytical signals and new analytical applications. Merging the specific nature of different biomolecules (enzymes, nucleic acids, antibodies, etc.) and the key properties of this modern conducting matrix, possible biosensor designs and their biosensing characteristics have been discussed. Efforts have been made to discuss and explore various characteristics of PANI responsible for direct electron transfer leading towards fabrication of mediator-less biosensors.

Preparation, characterization and application of polyaniline nanospheres to biosensing.

Polyaniline nanospheres (PANI-NS) prepared by morphological transformation of micelle polymerized camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) doped polyaniline nanotubes (PANI-NT) in the presence of ethylene glycol (EG) have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infra-red and UV-Visible spectroscopy. A PANI-NS (60-80 nm) film deposited onto an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) coated glass plate by the solution casting method has been utilized for covalent immobilization of biomolecules (cholesterol oxidase (ChOx)) viaN-ethyl-N'-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) chemistry for fabrication of a cholesterol biosensor. The ChOx/PANI-NS/ITO bioelectrode detects cholesterol in the concentration range of 25 to 500 mg dL(-1) with sensitivity of 1.3 x 10(-3) mA mg(-1) dL and regression coefficient of 0.98. Further, this PANI-NS based bioelectrode shows fast response time (10 s), low Michaelis-Menten constant (2.5 mM) and shelf-life of 12 weeks. The spherical nanostructure observed in the final morphology of the PANI-NS film is attributed to hydrogen bonding interactions between PANI-NT and EG.