ABSTRACT
Background: Attention deficit and hyperactive disorder (ADHD) often co-exist with substance use disorders (SUD) both in adolescents and adults. Untreated ADHD can lead to multiple relapses, sociooccupational dysfunction and may worsen the outcome of SUD. ADHD is often underdiagnosed in the adult population. Therefore, the present study was intended to determine the types, patterns, and factors related to drug dependence among different age groups and to estimate the prevalence of adult ADHD in SUD patients in North East India. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional hospital-based study carried out in patients diagnosed with SUD as per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Disorders, 5th Edition. Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (v1.1) Symptom Checklist was applied to screen for symptoms of adult ADHD in the patients. Results: In the age group of 18-29 years, 82.7% of patients were diagnosed with opioid use disorder (OUD), while 63.9% of the subjects in the age group of 30-49 years patients suffered from Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). All patients of age 50 years and above were AUD. Our study showed that 24.3% of the total study population had the presence of adult ADHD. Symptoms of Adult ADHD were found in a higher proportion among OUD (28.7%) in comparison to OUD (11.5%). Conclusion: The association of adult ADHD with OUD has been around three times than the AUD group. Hence young people (18-29 years) diagnosed with OUD need to be screened for adult ADHD and should be treated for the same for better abstinence and to prevent complications.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Causes of scholastic backwardness in a child may be internal or external. The external factors include the factors related to the family the child is living in, and these factors are usually under-estimated in assessing contribution to scholastic backwardness. Aims: The aim of this study is to study the family factors associated with scholastic backwardness in school-going children in Pune Cantonment. Materials and Methods: Three hundred school children aged 8-14 years studying in Class III to IX from two government aided semi-Marathi Schools in Pune Cantonment were screened for scholastic backwardness, and evaluation of family-related factors was carried out for positive cases and matched controls. Results: Significant association was found between scholastic backwardness and such family factors as maternal education, chronic illness in the family members, and family problems such as domestic violence and substance abuse (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The family a child lives in plays an important role in determining the scholastic performance of a child. Adverse impact on the child's performance can be made by such variables as low maternal education, chronic illness in one or more family members, and poor family environment. Management strategies and policies aimed at correcting these preventable cause would ensure that they are identified and remedied at an early stage to ensure optimum scholastic performance by children.
ABSTRACT
Bullous disorders such as pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid after the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy in certain human immunodeficiency virus reactive individuals have been described in this case series as a manifestation of an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. This phenomenon should be suspected in individuals who present with bullous lesions within 3-8 weeks after initiation of therapy despite of improved immunological response. Strong clinical suspicion, through clinical examination, appropriate laboratory investigation such as CD4 T-cell count, histopathological examinations with H and E stain, direct immunofluorescence test are required for diagnosis.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an important and useful investigation, and is considered next to imaging in the rapid diagnosis of pulmonary mass lesion for the last few decades. AIMS: To assess the role of Computed Tomogram (CT) guided FNAC in pulmonary mass lesions; to analyze the results; and to compare with histopathological findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical, radiological, and cytological data of 130 patients were prospectively studied who underwent CT guided FNAC from October 2009 through September 2011. Thereafter these patients underwent bronchoscopic/trucut biopsy/lobectomy, whatever clinically indicated. Smears and tissue sections were evaluated simultaneously to reach at a definite diagnosis. RESULTS: Out of 130 cases, we found adequate FNAC smear and histopathology reports only in 124 cases. The age range varied from 35 to 73 years with the peak in the fifth to sixth decades. The benign lesions were 10 (8.07%) and malignant lesions were114 (91.93%) shown by cytology. The most common tumor was adenocarcinoma (51.72%) followed by squamous cell carcinoma (22.41%) and small cell carcinoma 6.89%. Diagnostic accuracy of CT guided FNAC was 95%. Post procedural complications such as hemorrhage and chest pain were minimal and were noted only in three cases. CONCLUSION: CT guided FNAC of pulmonary masses provides simple, easy, and reliable method for reaching rapid tissue diagnosis with minimal complication.
ABSTRACT
The pattern of stomatal opening in epidermal strips detached from leaves of Commelina benghalensis was examined. Two different phases could be distinguished in the stomatal response to KCl, one at low concentrations of KCl (up to 60 mM) and the other at high KCl concentrations (above 100 mM). The stomatal opening at low KCl concentrations was stimulated remarkably by light or fusicoccin and was suppressed by abscisic acid. At higher KCl concentrations, the stimulation by light or FC as well as the inhibition by ABA was limited. Both phases of stomatal response to KCl were sensitive to carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone. The results suggest that illumination or FC favours selectively stomatal opening only at low KCl concentrations. The ionic participation in the stomatal opening is similar to the heterophasic uptake of ions by plant cells/roots.
