Photobiomodulation in oral medicine: a review.

Photobiomodulation (PBM) or low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in dentistry is an evolving science, with an increasing number of controlled clinical studies exploring its potential as a treatment modality. The present study provides an outline of the biologic mechanism of PBM and summarizes the findings of clinical studies of PBM for specific applications in oral medicine. Controversies and drawbacks associated with PBM, which require further research, are also identified. Current literature reports the potential of PBM in various applications in oral medicine. Furthermore, well-documented research confirms its efficacy in certain conditions, such as oral mucositis, recurrent herpes simplex infection, and burning mouth syndrome. The absence of any reported adverse effects is an advantage over conventional therapeutic modalities. While PBM has proved to be effective for some specific applications, it is not a panacea. The paucity in standardized studies, coupled with ambiguity over the laser parameters, has limited its credibility as a therapeutic modality.

Role of oral fluids in DNA investigations.

The assay of oral fluid (OF), a biofluid historically well-studied biochemically and physiologically, is a growing area of research with implications for basic and clinical purposes. In the last decade, it has gained considerable attention and lately, the use of OF has provided a substantial addition as an investigative tool in forensic and/or legal procedures. This article is an appraisal of various applications of OF sourced DNA in the field of forensic analysis. We have discussed the significance of different collection methods and their variations along with the application of specific analytical methods based on the condition of the sample. It is likely that the germaneness of OF assays will continue to expand thus providing a new instrument for investigation in criminal/legal proceedings.