ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of C4d in native renal biopsies of proliferative glomerular diseases, complement pathways in these diseases, and assess the relationship of C4d with histological and clinicopathological parameters, other complement proteins, and immunoglobulin markers. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted during the year 2018-19 involving 107 native renal biopsies with histologically diagnosed cases of proliferative glomerular diseases. C4d immunohistochemical evaluation of renal tissue sections was performed using polyclonal antihuman C4d as the primary antibody. Patients were classified as positive and negative groups based on their glomerular C4d deposition. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of C4d positivity was 80.4% in proliferative glomerular diseases ranging between 60.0% in C3 glomerulonephritis to 92.9% in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Mixed capillary and mesangial deposition were noted in all cases of proliferative glomerulonephritis. Classical pathway was dominantly involved in all glomerular diseases except C3 glomerulonephritis and IgA nephropathy. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that glomerular IgG staining (aOR: 5.86, 95% CI: 1.26-27.14) and IgM staining (aOR: 3.90, 95%CI: 1.07-14.18) were significantly associated with C4d positivity. CONCLUSION: C4d staining along with immunoglobulin markers such as IgG and IgM and complement proteins can be useful in delineating different complement activation pathways in glomerular diseases and understanding the disease pathogenesis.
Subject(s)
Complement C4/genetics , Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative/diagnosis , Kidney Glomerulus/pathology , Adult , Biomarkers/analysis , Biopsy , Complement C4/classification , Complement C4/immunology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Disease Progression , Female , Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative/physiopathology , Humans , Immunohistochemistry/methods , Immunohistochemistry/statistics & numerical data , Kidney/pathology , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Staining and LabelingABSTRACT
Opportunistic infections affecting central nervous system (CNS) have high prevalence in developing countries and cryptococcosis is one of them. It is associated with myriad of signs symptoms and clinical behavior. Though commonly associated with AIDS/HIV infection, it has been reported to be pathogenic in immunocompetent patients. Leptomeningitis is most common presentation in CNS, but unusual tumor like mass lesions have been reported. Lungs are primary site of infection, but it can affect different organs with varied clinical presentations. Therefore, correct diagnosis and proper management is essential in such cases excluding the differentials as fatality rate can be quite high. We report such an unusual case of multiple cryptococcal mass lesions in brain in a healthy immune competent individual with bilateral pulmonary involvement.
Subject(s)
Cryptococcosis/diagnosis , Immunocompetence , Lung/microbiology , Meningitis, Cryptococcal/complications , Respiratory Tract Infections/microbiology , Skull/microbiology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , Adult , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Cryptococcosis/complications , Cryptococcosis/drug therapy , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , Lung/pathology , Male , Meningitis, Cryptococcal/drug therapy , Prevalence , Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosisABSTRACT
Angiomyofibroblastoma is an unusual tumor of pelvic and vulval region. It is often diagnosed in the middle-aged women. Although benign owing to its location and morphology, it has a few benign and malignant mimics. Here, we present such a case where a 42-year-old female presented with a vulval mass.
ABSTRACT
Lichen sclerosus (LS) is an inflammatory dermatitis of unknown etiology that mostly affects the genital region in both the sexes. In active cases the histopathologic changes differentiate between LS and morphoea though in chronic cases it is very difficult to diagnose with certainty. Coexistence of both the conditions in a single patient indicates that these lesions represent a spectrum of similar pathologic process. Coexistence of both the conditions along Blaschko's lines is so far not described in literature. We report an Indian patient with both LS and morphoea occurring along Blaschko's lines.
ABSTRACT
Aspergillosis of central nervous system is an uncommon infection mainly occurring in immunocompromised patient. It may be present in several forms: abscess, meningitis, mycotic aneurysm, infarction and in tumoral form. Here we report a case of cerebral aspergillosis presenting as bilateral frontal lobe abscess without evidence of any underlying systemic disorder or extracranial disease.
