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1.
Curr HIV/AIDS Rep ; 18(4): 280-288, 2021 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34091858

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To highlight recent trends in the epidemiology of HIV and syphilis, the impact of the COVID epidemic, our approach to care of co-infected patients, and our views on important next steps in advancing the field. RECENT FINDINGS: HIV and syphilis co-infection has been on the rise in recent years although since the COVID pandemic there is a decrease in new diagnoses-it remains unclear if this represents a true decline or inadequate testing or under-reporting. Standard HIV care should include regular syphilis serology .Treatment and serological follow-up of syphilis in HIV positive and negative patients can be conducted similarly. Challenges remain in the diagnosis and management of neurosyphilis. New models for testing and prevention will be crucial next steps in controlling co-infection. The intersection of HIV and syphilis infections continues to pose new and unique challenges in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , HIV Infections , Syphilis , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/diagnosis , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Humans , SARS-CoV-2 , Syphilis/diagnosis , Syphilis/drug therapy , Syphilis/epidemiology , Syphilis Serodiagnosis
2.
Can J Public Health ; 112(1): 89-96, 2021 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32529552

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a proven tool for HIV prevention, but PrEP use in Ontario, Canada, and the effects of recent policies are unknown. We estimated the number and characteristics of PrEP users in Ontario and evaluated the impacts of policy changes between July 2015 and June 2018. METHODS: We obtained tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) dispensation data for Ontario from IQVIA, and applied an algorithm to identify use for PrEP. We report prevalent PrEP use for the second quarter of 2018 according to age, sex, region, prescriber specialty, and payer type, and generate "PrEP-to-need ratios" (PNR) by dividing these numbers by the estimated numbers of new HIV diagnoses. We used interventional autoregressive integrated moving average models to examine the impact of three policy changes on PrEP use: Health Canada approval (February 2016), availability of generic TDF/FTC and partial public drug coverage (September 2017), and public drug coverage for individuals aged < 25 years (January 2018). RESULTS: The estimated number of individuals receiving PrEP increased 713%, from 374 in 2015 Q3 to 3041 in 2018 Q2. Among PrEP users in 2018 Q2, 97.5% were male, 60.4% were < 40 years, 67.7% obtained PrEP from a family physician, 77.2% used private insurance, and 67.0% were in Toronto. PNRs were highest in 30-39-year-olds, males, Toronto and the Central East and West regions. Time series analyses found that Health Canada approval (p = 0.0001) and introducing generics/partial public drug coverage (p = 0.002) led to significantly increased use. CONCLUSIONS: PrEP use has risen in Ontario in association with favourable policy changes, but remains far below guideline recommendations.


RéSUMé: OBJECTIFS: La prophylaxie pré-exposition (PPrE) est un outil éprouvé pour prévenir le VIH, mais le recours à la PPrE en Ontario (Canada) et les effets de politiques récentes sont inconnus. Nous avons estimé le nombre et les caractéristiques des utilisateurs de la PPrE en Ontario et évalué les incidences de changements de politique survenus entre juillet 2015 et juin 2018. MéTHODE: Nous avons obtenu auprès d'IQVIA des données sur l'administration de fumarate de ténofovir disoproxil (FTD) et d'emtricitabine (FTC) en Ontario et appliqué un algorithme pour déterminer le recours à la PPrE. Nous présentons la prévalence du recours à la PPrE au deuxième trimestre de 2018 selon l'âge, le sexe, la région, la spécialité du médecin prescripteur et le type de payeur, et nous générons des « ratios PPrE-besoins ¼ (RPB) en divisant ces nombres par les nombres estimatifs de nouveaux diagnostics de VIH. Nous avons utilisé des modèles interventionnels fondés sur la moyenne mobile intégrée autorégressive pour examiner les incidences de trois changements de politique sur le recours à la PPrE : l'approbation par Santé Canada (février 2016); la disponibilité de versions génériques du FTD et de la FTC et leur couverture partielle par le régime public d'assurance-médicaments (septembre 2017); et la couverture des moins de 25 ans par le régime public d'assurance-médicaments (janvier 2018). RéSULTATS: Le nombre estimatif de personnes recevant la PPrE a augmenté de 713 %, passant de 374 au troisième trimestre de 2015 à 3041 au deuxième trimestre de 2018. Chez les utilisateurs de la PPrE au deuxième trimestre de 2018, 97,5 % étaient des hommes, 60,4 % avaient moins de 40 ans, 67,7 % obtenaient la PPrE auprès d'un médecin de famille, 77,2 % utilisaient une assurance privée, et 67,0 % vivaient à Toronto. Les RPB les plus élevés ont été observés chez les 30 à 39 ans, chez les hommes et chez les résidents de Toronto et des régions du Centre-Est et du Centre-Ouest. Selon les résultats d'analyses des séries chronologiques, l'approbation par Santé Canada (p = 0,0001) et l'introduction de versions génériques/la couverture partielle par le régime public d'assurance-médicaments (p = 0,002) ont entraîné des hausses significatives du recours à la PPrE. CONCLUSIONS: Le recours à la PPrE a augmenté en Ontario en lien avec des changements de politique favorables, mais il demeure très en-deçà des recommandations des lignes directrices.


Subject(s)
HIV Infections , Policy , Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis , Adult , Female , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Humans , Male , Ontario , Pharmacy , Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/statistics & numerical data , Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/trends
3.
Mol Pain ; 7: 65, 2011 Aug 25.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21867537

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The extracellular matrix protein SPARC (Secreted Protein, Acidic, Rich in Cysteine) has been linked to degeneration of the intervertebral discs and chronic low back pain (LBP). In humans, SPARC protein expression is decreased as a function of age and disc degeneration. In mice, inactivation of the SPARC gene results in the development of accelerated age-dependent disc degeneration concurrent with age-dependent behavioral signs of chronic LBP.DNA methylation is the covalent modification of DNA by addition of methyl moieties to cytosines in DNA. DNA methylation plays an important role in programming of gene expression, including in the dynamic regulation of changes in gene expression in response to aging and environmental signals. We tested the hypothesis that DNA methylation down-regulates SPARC expression in chronic LBP in pre-clinical models and in patients with chronic LBP. RESULTS: Our data shows that aging mice develop anatomical and behavioral signs of disc degeneration and back pain, decreased SPARC expression and increased methylation of the SPARC promoter. In parallel, we show that human subjects with back pain exhibit signs of disc degeneration and increased methylation of the SPARC promoter. Methylation of either the human or mouse SPARC promoter silences its activity in transient transfection assays. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first evidence that DNA methylation of a single gene plays a role in chronic pain in humans and animal models. This has important implications for understanding the mechanisms involved in chronic pain and for pain therapy.


Subject(s)
Chronic Pain/complications , Chronic Pain/genetics , DNA Methylation/genetics , Low Back Pain/complications , Low Back Pain/genetics , Osteonectin/genetics , Adult , Aging/drug effects , Aging/genetics , Animals , Azacitidine/pharmacology , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Chronic Pain/pathology , DNA Methylation/drug effects , Female , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Gene Silencing/drug effects , Humans , Intervertebral Disc/drug effects , Intervertebral Disc/metabolism , Intervertebral Disc/pathology , Intervertebral Disc Degeneration/complications , Intervertebral Disc Degeneration/genetics , Intervertebral Disc Degeneration/pathology , Low Back Pain/pathology , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Osteonectin/deficiency , Osteonectin/metabolism , Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
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