ABSTRACT
El presente estudio analizó la utilización de la formación parental y la intervención del lenguaje narrativo realizada por los padres, para incrementar la comprensión y la producción del lenguaje narrativo en niños con discapacidad intelectual. Catorce niños con discapacidad intelectual, y sus padres, tomaron parte en el estudio. Los padres participaron en un taller en vivo para aprender los métodos de intervención del lenguaje narrativo, y recibieron un paquete de materiales y dos libros preseleccionados. Tras la sesión, completaron la formación en casa con sus hijos durante un periodo de ocho semanas. A los niños se les realizaron pruebas previas y finales, sobre técnicas del lenguaje narrativo. Durante el estudio, los padres enviaron un informe semanal al investigador principal, y completaron una encuesta a la conclusión de la intervención. Los padres reportaron resultados positivos en cuanto a mejora del conocimiento sobre técnicas del lenguaje narrativo, y fueron capaces de incorporar los materiales suministrados y las técnicas aprendidas para incrementar la comprensión y la producción de lenguaje por parte de sus hijos (AU)
The present study investigated the use of parent training and parent-delivered narrative language intervention to increase narrative language comprehension and production in children with intellectual disability. Fourteen children with intellectual disability and their parents took part in the study. Parents participated in a live workshop to learn the methods for narrative language intervention and were provided with a packet of materials and two preselected books. After the session, they completed the training at home with their children over a period of 8 weeks. Children were pre tested and post tested for narrative language skills. Parents reported to the primary investigator weekly during the study and completed a survey following the conclusion of the intervention. Parents reported positive outcomes in that they gained knowledge of narrative language skills and were able to incorporate the materials provided and techniques learned to increase their childs language comprehension and production (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Language Tests/standards , Language Therapy/methods , Language Therapy/psychology , Intellectual Disability/diagnosis , Intellectual Disability/therapy , Education of Intellectually Disabled/methods , Down Syndrome/complications , Down Syndrome/diagnosis , Intellectual Disability/psychology , Intellectual Disability/rehabilitation , Parents/education , Parents/psychologyABSTRACT
Investigations into the toxicity and the chemical analytics of stack gas condensates from 21 waste incineration plants (locations in Bavaria) were undertaken in the years 1990 to 1995. A decisive prerequisite was the development of a simple, standardizable technique for sample collection. It was done by condensating stack gases at 0 to 5 degrees C in an intensive glass condensator. Certain types of compounds showed a different behaviour of separation at the temperatures which were used. Whereas bivalent ionic mercury and chlorophenols were comparatively well separated with amounts of 60 to 95% and the polychlorinated dioxins, furans and biphenyls (PCBs) were sufficiently separated with 20 to 60%, less than 10% of the chlorobenzenes and polycyclic aromatics (PAHs) were found in the condensates. Sufficiently sensitive biological test procedures must be chosen for a biomonitoring of the condensates on geno- and immunotoxic effects to keep the required quantity of the condensates within practicable limits. The concentration of organic wastes was done through a solid phase extraction for the genotoxicity testing in the period from 1990 to 1991, and uniformly through a dichloromethane extraction for the biological and the simultaneous chemical analytical investigations from 1992 to 1995.
Subject(s)
Air Pollutants/toxicity , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Gases/toxicity , Incineration , Mutagens/analysis , Air Pollutants/analysis , Chlorophenols/analysis , Environmental Monitoring/instrumentation , Gases/analysis , Germany , Mercury/analysis , Mutagenicity Tests , Specimen Handling/methods , Temperature , ThermodynamicsABSTRACT
The genotoxicity of stack gas condensates of 21 waste incineration plants (located in Bavaria) was examined in the years 1990-1995 using two bacterial short time tests. The SOS chromotest was carried out with the tester strains Escherichia coli PQ37, PQ243 and PQ300. In addition, for the purpose of comparison, the Ames-Test was performed for selected examples with the tester strains Salmonella typhimurium TA97, TA98, TA100 and TA1537. In a pilot study, carried out in the years 1990 to 1991, the stack gas condensates from five plants were examined. They showed clear genotoxic and mutagenic effects. On the other hand, in subsequent tests we generally discovered only weak inductions for 9 of 18 crude and 24 of 78 clean gas condensate extracts, mostly after metabolic activation. Four plants were tested continuously in the years 1992 to 1995. Three of them showed a clear reduction of the detectable genotoxic potential. The fourth one gave negligible SOS inducing emissions in the whole examining period. On the other hand, for 6 of the 21 tested plants we found chromotest positive results even at the last test point. Correlations between the SOS inducing potential of the stack gas condensates and the analytical parameters detected at the same time (6 summary parameters, 24 inorganic and 63 organic chemical parameters) were not evident. Only the two highest emissions of nitropyrenes were associated with SOS inductions. Organic substances which are not analytically detected or synergistic effects might be responsible for the SOS inducing potency of the other genotoxic stack gas condensates.
Subject(s)
Air Pollutants/toxicity , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Gases/toxicity , Incineration , Mutagens/analysis , Air Pollutants/analysis , Environmental Pollution/prevention & control , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Escherichia coli/genetics , Gases/analysis , Germany , Mutagenicity Tests , Mutagens/pharmacology , Pilot Projects , Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects , Salmonella typhimurium/genetics , Specimen Handling/methodsABSTRACT
For the validation of the genotoxicity testing on stack gas condensates from waste incineration plants using bacterial short time tests (15), a modified UDS assay with the lung cell lines NCI-H 322 and 358 was developed. The UDS assay is more sensitive than the SOS chromotest and discriminates better between the negative or weakly positive and the clearly positive samples. It has a high sensitive and specificity and also accuracy, is practicable in a comparatively simple, speedy and reasonably priced manner and is therefore appropriate for an emission monitoring similar to simple bacterial short time tests. Especially in strongly concentrated crude and clean gas condensates, maximal induction factors were seen in the range of strong UDS inducers. From 55 samples on 16 incineration plants tested in the years 1992 to 1995, in 48 we found weak to strong UDS inductions in at least one of the two test cell lines. From three plants examined continuously in this period only two emitted stack gases with constantly low genotoxicity at the end of sampling. 5 clean gas condensates, that were taken in random samples from 3 other plants in the period 1994 to 1995, proved to be non-genotoxic in the UDS assay. However, one of these plants emitted stack gases with high cytotoxicity, which might have masked UDS-inducing single substances. It is not possible to make a statement on the human toxicological relevance. However, a clearly positive development towards more harmless stack gas condensates was established. A definite correlation could not be shown between the chemical analysis of the detected cancerogenic organic single substances of the samples and the detected UDS inductions. Further investigations for finding strong UDS inducers from the substance spectrum of municipal stack gas emissions are necessary.
Subject(s)
Air Pollutants/toxicity , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Gases/toxicity , Incineration , Lung/drug effects , Mutagens/toxicity , Air Pollutants/analysis , Cell Line , Cell Survival/drug effects , DNA/biosynthesis , Gases/analysis , Germany , Humans , Lung/cytology , Mutagenicity Tests/methods , Mutagens/analysis , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
Emissions from waste incineration plants can be monitored relatively simply and cost-effectively via stack gas condensates. We compared quantitative chemical-analytic data of stack gases with two genotoxicity tests. The tests employed, i.e. a new, simple UDS assay variant with the human lung cell lines NCI-H 322 and 358, developed for this purpose, and an automated version of the SOS chromotest, were validated with respect to the contents of stack gases analytically detected. As judged by Bavarian waste incineration plants, sampled in the years 1990 to 1995, we obtained the following principle results: A drastic reduction of the genotoxicity from stack gases in the sampling period was observed with both tests. There were found genotoxic stack gases with the more sensitive UDS assay also in modern plants at the end of sampling period. Up to 99% of the organic components were not detected by chemical analysis despite an extensive program of analytics. The concentration of the quantified cancerogenic organic single substances from the samples did not suffice to explain genotoxic effects in the stack gases. Unknown, not identified stack gas contents are mainly responsible for the genotoxic potential of the stack gases. According to our results, emissions of modern waste incineration plants are likely to increase the genotoxic hazardous potential of the air only insignificantly even in pollution-free zones.
