ABSTRACT
CONTEXT: The International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care developed a consensus-based definition of palliative care (PC) that focuses on the relief of serious health-related suffering, a concept put forward by the Lancet Commission Global Access to Palliative Care and Pain Relief. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this article is to present the research behind the new definition. METHODS: The three-phased consensus process involved health care workers from countries in all income levels. In Phase 1, 38 PC experts evaluated the components of the World Health Organization definition and suggested new/revised ones. In Phase 2, 412 International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care members in 88 countries expressed their level of agreement with the suggested components. In Phase 3, using results from Phase 2, the expert panel developed the definition. RESULTS: The consensus-based definition is as follows: Palliative care is the active holistic care of individuals across all ages with serious health-related suffering due to severe illness and especially of those near the end of life. It aims to improve the quality of life of patients, their families and their caregivers. The definition includes a number of bullet points with additional details as well as recommendations for governments to reduce barriers to PC. CONCLUSION: Participants had significantly different perceptions and interpretations of PC. The greatest challenge faced by the core group was trying to find a middle ground between those who think that PC is the relief of all suffering and those who believe that PC describes the care of those with a very limited remaining life span.
Subject(s)
Hospice Care , Hospice and Palliative Care Nursing , Consensus , Humans , Palliative Care , Quality of LifeABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Since the year 2000, Mongolia has established the foundation measures for a national palliative care program and has made several significant achievements. METHODS: Systematic reviews and observational studies on palliative care development in Mongolia have taken place over the past 16 years. RESULTS: Mongolia began palliative care development in 2000 with the creation of the Mongolian Palliative Care Society and the Palliative Care Department. Palliative care is included in the Mongolia's Health Law, Health Insurance Law, Social Welfare Law, National Cancer Control Program, and the National Program for Non-Communicable Diseases, and has approved Palliative Care Standards and Pain Management Guidelines. Palliative care education is included in the undergraduate and postgraduate curriculum in all medical universities. Six hospice units in Ulaanbaatar have 50 beds; each of the nine districts and all 21 provinces have up to four to five palliative beds, and there are 36 palliative care units, for a total 190 beds for three million people. In 2014, a pediatric palliative care inpatient unit was established with five beds. Essential drugs for palliative care have been available in Mongolia since 2015. The pharmaceutical company IVCO produces morphine, codeine, pethidine, and oxycodone in Ulaanbaatar. CONCLUSION: Mongolia has made real progress in integrating palliative care into the health system.
Subject(s)
Palliative Care , Geography, Medical , Health Personnel/education , Health Policy , Health Services Accessibility , Humans , Mongolia , Palliative Care/methods , Program Development , Quality ImprovementABSTRACT
Mongolia has established the foundation measures for a national palliative care program. Generic cost-effective opioids have been made available. Prescription regulations have been changed to allow opioid use according to good medical practice. Education on palliative care has been incorporated into the undergraduate curricula of doctors, nurses, and social workers, and the training of specialists in palliative care has been initiated concurrent with established standards for palliative care.
