ABSTRACT
The history of the development of influenza virus vaccine is traced from its origin with experimental studies of influenza virus in ferrets and mice and the first trials in man. Knowledge of the basis of immunity to the viruses in experimental animals and in man has grown steadily over the years and has been essential to successful immunization. Virus variation affecting the surface antigens of the virus is seen as the principal obstacle to the application of vaccines in man. So significant are the changes occurring during antigenic drift that former concepts of a polyvalent vaccine cannot provide a solution of the problem of the composition of vaccines. Disrupted virus vaccines appear to provide the answer to the prevention of vaccine reactions.
Subject(s)
Influenza Vaccines/history , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/analysis , Antigens, Viral/analysis , Antigens, Viral/genetics , Gene Frequency , Genetic Variation , Humans , Immunization/history , Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage , Influenza, Human/immunology , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Orthomyxoviridae/genetics , Orthomyxoviridae/immunologyABSTRACT
Recombinant live attenuated type A and B influenza virus vaccines derived from standardized cold-adapted parent strains were given singly and in combination to volunteers. The vaccine viruses were well tolerated, functioned as good antigens, and failed to spread to intimate household contacts. Thirty-nine isolates that were recovered after a single passage in humans appeared genetically stable. The results of histopathologic studies in ferrets encourage development of an animal model for attenuation of the virus.
Subject(s)
Influenza Vaccines , Vaccines, Attenuated , Animals , Cold Temperature , Epitopes , Ferrets , Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests , Humans , Influenza A virus/immunology , Orthomyxoviridae/immunology , Recombination, GeneticSubject(s)
Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype , Influenza A virus/immunology , Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage , Adaptation, Physiological , Adolescent , Antibodies, Viral , Clinical Trials as Topic , Cold Temperature , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Double-Blind Method , Female , Hemagglutinins, Viral , Humans , Influenza A virus/genetics , Influenza Vaccines/adverse effects , Male , Recombination, Genetic , VaccinationABSTRACT
Since 1961, viral hepatitis has been recognized as an occupational hazard among handlers of newly imported chimpanzees and other nonhuman primates. To determine whether previously reported cases were caused by human viral hepatitis type A, we tested paired serum samples from two outbreaks for antibody to hepatitis A antigen (anti-HA) by immune adherence hemagglutination (IAHA), recently available test. In both outbreaks, one of hepatitis transmitted from chimpanzee to man (Michigan, 1964), the second from chimpanzee to chimpanzee, man, and woolly monkey (Connecticut, 1971), serologic data documented recent hepatitis A virus infection among contacts-human and nonhuman primate-of implicated chimpanzees. This confirms serologically a previously noted epidemiologic association between nonhuman primate-associated hepatitis and human viral hepatitis, type A.
Subject(s)
Hepatitis A/immunology , Hepatovirus , Pan troglodytes , Animals , Animals, Zoo , Antibodies, Viral/analysis , Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Female , Haplorhini , Hepatitis A/transmission , Hepatitis A/veterinary , Hepatovirus/immunology , Humans , Male , Monkey Diseases/transmission , ZoonosesSubject(s)
Hemagglutinins, Viral/administration & dosage , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage , Adsorption , Age Factors , Antibody Formation , Fever/etiology , Hemagglutination Tests , Humans , Infant , Time Factors , Vaccination/adverse effects , Viral Vaccines/adverse effectsSubject(s)
Orthomyxoviridae/pathogenicity , Trachea/microbiology , Animals , Antibodies, Viral , Birds/immunology , Chickens/immunology , Cilia/immunology , Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral , Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests , Hemagglutination, Viral , Horses/immunology , Mice , Neutralization Tests , Organ Culture Techniques , Orthomyxoviridae/immunology , Swine/immunology , Virus CultivationSubject(s)
Antibodies, Viral/analysis , Neuraminidase , Orthomyxoviridae/immunology , Age Factors , Alpha-Globulins , Animals , Carnivora/immunology , Cross Reactions , Fetal Proteins , Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests , Humans , Immune Sera , Influenza, Human/immunology , Neuraminidase/antagonists & inhibitors , Orthomyxoviridae/enzymologySubject(s)
Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Vaccination , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Antigens, Viral , Child , Child, Preschool , Costs and Cost Analysis , Genetics, Microbial , Humans , Immunogenetics , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage , Influenza Vaccines/supply & distribution , Influenza, Human/mortality , Middle Aged , Orthomyxoviridae/immunology , Pneumonia/mortality , United StatesSubject(s)
Orthomyxoviridae Infections/diagnosis , Animals , Antigens, Viral , Birds , Complement Fixation Tests , Hemadsorption Inhibition Tests , Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests , Humans , Influenza, Human , Mumps/diagnosis , Newcastle Disease/diagnosis , Paramyxoviridae Infections/diagnosis , Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/immunology , Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis , Respirovirus/immunologyABSTRACT
The standard deviation was determined for 146 replications of the neuraminidase inhibition test for antineuraminidase antibody employing two ferret antisera and the recombinant viruses X-15 and X-15(HK). The standard deviation found was 0.612 log(2) and is a quantitative estimate of the reproducibility of the test.
