Study Protocol of a Randomized, Two-Arm, Phase I/II Trial Investigating the Feasibility, Safety, and Efficacy of Local Treatment with US-Guided High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound in Combination with Palliative Chemotherapy in Inoperable Pancreatic Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PaC) still has a dismal prognosis, and despite medical advances, a bleak 5-year survival rate of only 8%, largely due to late diagnosis and limited curative surgical options for most patients. Frontline palliative treatment shows some survival advantages. However, the high disease mortality is accompanied by high morbidity including cancer-related pain and additional symptoms, which strongly impair patients' quality of life (QOL). At present, there is no established strategy for local therapy for PaC primarily aiming to manage local tumor growth and alleviate associated symptoms, particularly pain. In recent years, non-invasive high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has shown promising results in reducing cancer pain and tumor mass, improving patients' QOL with few side effects. STUDY DESIGN: This is the first randomized controlled trial worldwide including 40 patients with inoperable pancreatic adenocarcinoma randomized into two groups: group A undergoing standard chemotherapy; and group B undergoing standard chemotherapy plus local HIFU treatment. This study aims to establish a robust evidence base by examining the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of US-guided HIFU in combination with standard palliative systemic therapy for unresectable PaC. Primary endpoint assessments will focus on parameters including safety issues (phase I), and local response rates (phase II).

Short-term exposure to cigarette smoke upregulates cathepsin S and alters expression of tight junction ZO-1.

A long-term exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) alters the integrity of airway epithelial barrier, contributes to lung dysfunction, and elicits the expression and activity of lung cathepsin S (CatS), a cysteine protease that participates in the remodeling of connective tissue and cell junctions. Here, we observed that a short-term (4 days) exposure of mice to CS increased the expression and activity of CatS, while the expression level of zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1), an epithelial tight junction protein that stabilizes barrier assembly, was reduced in lung tissue lysates. Present data support that proteolytically active CatS may contribute to the defect of ZO-1 in CS-exposed mice.

The Interplay of Glycosaminoglycans and Cysteine Cathepsins in Mucopolysaccharidosis.

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) consists of a group of inherited lysosomal storage disorders that are caused by a defect of certain enzymes that participate in the metabolism of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The abnormal accumulation of GAGs leads to progressive dysfunctions in various tissues and organs during childhood, contributing to premature death. As the current therapies are limited and inefficient, exploring the molecular mechanisms of the pathology is thus required to address the unmet needs of MPS patients to improve their quality of life. Lysosomal cysteine cathepsins are a family of proteases that play key roles in numerous physiological processes. Dysregulation of cysteine cathepsins expression and activity can be frequently observed in many human diseases, including MPS. This review summarizes the basic knowledge on MPS disorders and their current management and focuses on GAGs and cysteine cathepsins expression in MPS, as well their interplay, which may lead to the development of MPS-associated disorders.

Evaluación de la Escala de Alvarado en el diagnóstico clínico de la apendicitis aguda en el Servicio de Urgencias del Hospital Nacional de Itauguá en los años 2018 y 2019 / Evaluation of the Alvarado Scale in the clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis in the Emergency Department of the Hospital Nacional Itauguá in the years 2018 and 2019

RESUMEN Introducción: la estratificación del riesgo de los pacientes con sospecha de apendicitis aguda mediante sistemas de puntuación clínica podría orientar la toma de decisiones para reducir los ingresos, optimizar la utilidad de las imágenes diagnósticas y prevenir exploraciones quirúrgicas negativas. Objetivo: evaluar la utilidad de la Escala de Alvarado para el diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda en el Servicio de Urgencias del Hospital Nacional de Itauguá de enero del 2018 a diciembre del 2019. Metodología: estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal con muestreo no probabilístico de casos consecutivos. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó una planilla electrónica de Microsoft Excel contenidos en las fichas de los pacientes para su posterior análisis y presentación estadística descriptiva. Resultados: se registraron 121 casos de apendicitis aguda, de los cuales 53.71% fueron del sexo masculino. El 100% de la muestra presentó dolor en fosa iliaca derecha; la presencia del signo de Blumberg se detectó en el 67% de los pacientes. El 49.85% de la muestra presentó un puntaje 8-10 según la Escala de Alvarado. El 90.08% de los pacientes presentó algún tipo de apendicitis en la anatomía patológica. Conclusión: el trabajo revela que la Escala de Alvarado es una herramienta útil e importante para la aplicación sistemática de un score diagnóstico en los servicios de urgencia, lo cual permite disminuir consecuentemente el margen de error diagnóstico y las posibles implicaciones sanitarias, económicas y legales.

ABSTRACT Introduction: risk stratification of patients with suspected acute appendicitis using clinical scoring systems could guide decision-making to reduce admissions, optimize the usefulness of diagnostic imaging and prevent negative surgical scans. Objective: to evaluate the usefulness of the Alvarado Scale for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in the Emergency Department of the Hospital Nacional Itauguá from January 2018 to December 2019. Methodology: descriptive observational cross-sectional study with nonprobabilistic sampling of consecutive cases. A Microsoft Excel electronic spreadsheet contained in the patient files was used for the collection of data for further analysis and descriptive statistical presentation. Results: 121 cases of acute appendicitis were recorded, of which 53.71% were male. 100% of the sample presented pain in the right iliac fossa; the presence of Blumberg sign was detected in 67% of the patients. 49.85% of the sample presented an 8-10 score according to the Alvarado Scale. 90.08% of the patients presented some type of appendicitis in the pathological anatomy. Conclusion: the study reveals that the Alvarado Scale is a useful and important tool for the systematic application of a diagnostic score in emergency services, which allows to reduce consequently the margin of diagnostic error and the possible sanitary, economic and legal implications.

Click synthesis of novel dendronized curcumin and analogs. Strengthening of physicochemical properties toward biological applications.

Curcumin and its analogs, chalcones, and C5-monocarbonyl are molecules of great therapeutic potential, but their poor stability and hydrophobicity have hampered their extensive use in clinical trials. Therefore, significant efforts have been made in materials science to improve their physicochemical properties. In this study, we propose dendronization as a synthetic strategy to strengthen some physicochemical properties such as solubility and stability of curcumin and analogs, taking advantage of the click chemistry (CuAAC) to attach second-generation polyester dendrons to the unsaturated cores. The dendronization, with the subsequent formation of aromatic triazole groups as linkers, not only modified the solubility and stability of the molecular systems but also favored the diketo tautomeric form of curcumin, as demonstrated spectroscopically. This result is significant since the diketo tautomer, which preserves the antioxidant properties of curcumin, is the most biologically active form. The hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance, achieved after dendronization, allowed the solubilization of the chromophoric molecules in buffered solutions at relevant pH values (7.4 and 6.4). Furthermore, the stability of all molecules was also upgraded since UV-vis absorption spectra did not exhibit modified profiles after 7 days at physiologic pH. From photochemical stability experiments irradiating at 415 nm, the dendritic derivatives containing triazole linkers were more susceptible to being degraded. All derivatives exhibited emission properties according to the length of each conjugate fragment. Fluorescence experiments evidenced the role of dendrons in preventing emission quenching by aggregation and exhibited differentiated emission behavior depending on the linker type (triazole or ester) between the chromophoric core and the polyester dendrons.

Severity Markers of Acute Appendicitis: Diagnostic Test Study / Marcadores de severidad de la apendicitis aguda: estudio de prueba diagnóstica

Abstract Introduction: Acute appendicitis (AA) is one of the most frequent abdominal surgical pathologies globally, with appendectomy being the most performed emergency surgery. Aim: To determine potential markers of AA severity for diagnostic purposes and timely management, thus avoiding possible complications. Materials and methods: This research relies on a randomized sample of 239 patients diagnosed with AA at the Orinoquía Regional Hospital, Colombia. We analyzed blood count, C-reactive protein (CRP), and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) records and established their relationship with the AA surgical findings described by Guzmán-Valdivia. Results: In the emergency department, these reactants can provide an approximate diagnosis as markers of the AA severity, with CRP > 15 mg/dL (diagnostic accuracy of 76.15 %) and NLR > 85 % (diagnostic accuracy of 61.09 %) having the best initial operating performance. Regarding complications such as intestinal perforation, we found a statistical relationship; CRP > 15 mg/dL and NLR > 85 % were the markers with the highest predictive performance, with OR 14.46 and OR 2. 17, respectively, regarding Guzmán-Valdivia's findings. Conclusions: CRP and NLR > 85 % are the acute phase reactants with the best diagnostic characteristics to predict potential AA complications.

Resumen Introducción: la apendicitis aguda (AA) es una de las patologías quirúrgicas abdominales más frecuentes en el mundo, siendo la apendicectomía, la cirugía de emergencia más realizada a nivel mundial. Objetivo: determinar los posibles marcadores de severidad en la apendicitis aguda con fines diagnósticos y para el manejo oportuno de la apendicitis y, de esta manera, evitar posibles complicaciones. Metodología: esta investigación se basó de una muestra aleatorizada de un total de 239 pacientes con diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda en el Hospital Regional de Orinoquía, Colombia. Se analizaron registros de cuadro hemático, proteína C reactiva (PCR) e índice de neutrófilo/linfocito (INL), y se estableció la relación de los mismos con los hallazgos quirúrgicos de apendicitis aguda descritos por Guzmán-Valdivia. Resultados: en el servicio de urgencias, estos reactantes son capaces de realizar una aproximación en el diagnóstico y como marcadores de la severidad de la AA, siendo la PCR > 15 mg/dL (precisión diagnóstica 76,15 %) y el porcentaje de neutrófilos > 85 % (precisión diagnóstica 61,09 %) los de mejor rendimiento operativo inicial. En cuanto a las complicaciones, como la perforación intestinal, se encontró en relación estadística, que la PCR > 15 mg/dL y el porcentaje de neutrófilos > 85 % fueron los marcadores con mayor rendimiento predictivo, con OR 14,46 y OR 2,17, respectivamente. Lo anterior en relación con los hallazgos descritos por Guzmán-Valdivia. Conclusiones: la elevación de la PCR y del porcentaje de neutrófilos > 85 % son los reactantes de fase aguda que presentan mejores características diagnósticas y para predecir posibles complicaciones de la apendicitis aguda.

Afecciones, manifestaciones y repercusiones nefrológicas del COVID-19 / Nephrological conditions, manifestations, and repercussions of COVID-19

Resumen Introducción: la enfermedad del coronavirus (Covid-19) surgió en Wuhan, China, a finales del año 2019. Este es un microorganismo que por su secuenciación de genoma y análisis filogénico pertenece al grupo de betacoronavirus, en el mismo subgénero que el virus del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS). El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar las afecciones y las manifestaciones clínicas renales de los pacientes con infección por este virus. Métodos: se realizó una revisión de la literatura, donde se incluyeron estudios que evaluaran afecciones, manifestaciones y repercusiones renales en pacientes mayores de 18 años con infección por Covid-19. Las búsquedas fueron realizadas con las bases de datos de Pubmed/Medline, Science direct, Scopus, BIREME, Redalyc, Scielo y Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). Resultados: en total se incluyeron 24 estudios donde se mencionan las distintas afecciones renales de estos pacientes. A nivel microscópico existen distintas alteraciones tales como pérdida del borde en cepillo, degeneración vacuolar, dilatación de la luz tubular con restos celulares y, en algunas ocasiones, necrosis franca en los túbulos proximales, desprendimiento epitelial de la membrana basal tubular y pielonefritis aguda con múltiples focos bacterianos y cilindros de células polimorfonucleares (PMN) difusos en los túbulos. A nivel del glomérulo se observó expansión mesangial nodular y la presencia de abundantes eritrocitos que obstruían las luces capilares peritubulares. Conclusiones: el SARS-CoV-2 es un virus que tiene alta afinidad por los receptores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina II (ECA-2), los cuales se encuentran en distintos órganos del cuerpo, incluyendo los riñones. La unión del virus a este receptor puede conllevar distintas alteraciones microscópicas en las células renales, lo cual genera algunos trastornos importantes como alteraciones hidroelectrolíticas o elevación o aumento de creatinina sérica, lo que es un indicador de lesión renal aguda y que en algunos casos puede cronificarse en estos pacientes.

Abstract Introduction: Coronavirus disease (COVID - 19) emerged in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019, this is a microorganism that, due to its genome sequencing and phylogenic analysis, belongs to the group of betacoronavirus in the same subgenus as the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS). The objective of the present study is to determine the renal affections and manifestations of patients with SARS CoV-2 infection. Methods: A review of the literature was carried out, including studies evaluating renal conditions, manifestations, and repercussions in patients older than 18 years with COVID-19 infection. Results: A total of 24 studies were included where the different renal conditions of these patients were mentioned. At the microscopic level, there are different alterations such as loss of the brush border, vacuolar degeneration, dilation of the tubular lumen with cellular remains and sometimes frank necrosis in the proximal tubules, epithelial detachment of the tubular basement membrane and acute pyelonephritis with multiple bacterial foci. and diffuse polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) cylinders in the tubules. At the glomerulus level, nodular mensangial expansion and the presence of abundant erythrocytes obstructing the peritubular capillary lumens were observed. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 is a virus that has high affinity for Angiotensin II Converting Enzyme (ACE) receptors -2), which are found in different organs of the body, including the kidneys. The binding of the virus to this receptor will lead to different microscopic alterations in the renal cells, which will generate some important disorders such as hydro-electrolyte alterations, elevation or increase in serum creatinine, being an indicator of acute kidney injury that in some cases can become chronic in these patients.

Evaluating 10 Commercially Available SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Serological Tests by Use of the STARD (Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies) Method.

Numerous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapid serological tests have been developed, but their accuracy has usually been assessed using very few samples, and rigorous comparisons between these tests are scarce. In this study, we evaluated and compared 10 commercially available SARS-CoV-2 rapid serological tests using the STARD (Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies) methodology. Two hundred fifty serum samples from 159 PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 patients (collected 0 to 32 days after the onset of symptoms) were tested with rapid serological tests. Control serum samples (n = 254) were retrieved from pre-coronavirus disease (COVID) periods from patients with other coronavirus infections (n = 11), positivity for rheumatoid factors (n = 3), IgG/IgM hyperglobulinemia (n = 9), malaria (n = 5), or no documented viral infection (n = 226). All samples were tested using rapid lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) from 10 manufacturers. Only four tests achieved ≥98% specificity, with the specificities ranging from 75.7% to 99.2%. The sensitivities varied by the day of sample collection after the onset of symptoms, from 31.7% to 55.4% (days 0 to 9), 65.9% to 92.9% (days 10 to 14), and 81.0% to 95.2% (>14 days). Only three of the tests evaluated met French health authorities' thresholds for SARS-CoV-2 serological tests (≥90% sensitivity and ≥98% specificity). Overall, the performances varied greatly between tests, with only one-third meeting acceptable specificity and sensitivity thresholds. Knowledge of the analytical performances of these tests will allow clinicians and, most importantly, laboratorians to use them with more confidence; could help determine the general population's immunological status; and may help diagnose some patients with false-negative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) results.

Evaluating ten commercially-available SARS-CoV-2 rapid serological tests using the STARD (Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies) method.

Numerous SARS-CoV-2 rapid serological tests have been developed, but their accuracy has usually been assessed using very few samples, and rigorous comparisons between these tests are scarce. In this study, we evaluated and compared 10 commercially-available SARS-CoV-2 rapid serological tests using the STARD methodology (Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies). 250 sera from 159 PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 patients (collected from 0 to 32 days after onset of symptoms) were tested with rapid serological tests. Control sera (N=254) were retrieved from pre-COVID periods from patients with other coronavirus infections (N=11), positive rheumatoid factors (N=3), IgG/IgM hyperglobulinemia (N=9), malaria (n=5), or no documented viral infection (N=226). All samples were tested using rapid lateral flow immunoassays (LFIA) from ten manufacturers. Only four tests achieved [≥]98% specificity, with other tests ranging from 75.7%-99.2%. Sensitivities varied by the day of sample collection, from 31.7%-55.4% (Days 0-9), 65.9%-92.9% (Days 10-14), and 81.0%-95.2% (>14 days) after the onset of symptoms, respectively. Only three tests evaluated met French Health Authorities' thresholds for SARS-CoV-2 serological tests ([≥]90% sensitivity + [≥]98% specificity). Overall, the performances between tests varied greatly, with only a third meeting acceptable specificity and sensitivity thresholds. Knowing the analytical performance of these tests will allow clinicians to use them with more confidence, could help determine the general population's immunological status, and may diagnose some patients with false-negative RT-PCR results.

Histological and Mechanical Behavior of INC 01 and 02 Bare Metal Stents Against a Commercial Stent: A Preclinical Study in a Porcine Model.

BACKGROUND: PCI is an expensive procedure in our population and it implies a huge cost for the institutions and National Health Service. AIM OF THE STUDY: The main objective was to evaluate the technical and biological success of two stents designed in Mexico. METHODS: Ten York pigs, 4-6 months of age, underwent implantation of the bare metal INC-01 (10 stents) and INC-02 (6 stents) coronary stent in addition to a conventional commercial stent (10 stents). Technical success was evaluated immediately with angiography and Intravascular Ultrasound IVUS, continued by a mean follow-up of 4 month and a final angiographic, IVUS and histological evaluation. RESULTS: Initial technical success, angiography and IVUS between the three stents were not significant. One stent presented restenosis in follow-up (commercial stent), but all other stents presented excellent clinical outcome, satisfactory angiographic and IVUS results. Inflammation, proliferation and endothelialization between the stents had no major differences in histological analysis in a mean of 4 months follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In this pig model, the INC 01 and INC 02 stents showed the same delivering technical success, angiographic and IVUS features, biological and histological response compared to commercial last generation stents.

Apicogénesis en canino permanente joven con resorción intracoronal pre eruptiva: reporte de caso / Apexogenesis in young permanent canine with pre-eruptive intracoronal resortion: case report

Los dientes permanentes presentan desarrollo y formación radicular incompleta al momento de su erupción, el tejido pulpar es el encargado de culminar el proceso de formación radicular por intermedio de los odontoblastos que producen dentina, si la misma se ve afectada por traumatismo, lesión cariosa, resorción intracoronal pre eruptiva (PEIR por sus siglas en inglés) y/o fractura, se altera la vitalidad e incluso puede llegar a producirse necrosis pulpar, lo que ocasionará una interrupción de la formación radicular normal. Para el tratamiento de dientes permanentes jóvenes e inmaduros que han sufrido algún tipo de lesión, pero que aún mantienen la vitalidad pulpar, el procedimiento de apicogénesis con agregado de trióxido mineral (MTA) puede ser considerado como una opción viable, debido a la biocompatibilidad y capacidad de inducir la formación de tejidos duros. En el presente reporte de caso se presenta una pieza dental con antecedente de PEIR, tratada mediante apicogénesis con MTA, lográndose resultados favorables en cuanto al engrosamiento de paredes dentinales, desarrollo radicular y mantenimiento de la vitalidad pulpar.

The permanent teeth have an incomplete development and root formation at the time of its eruption, the pulp tissue is responsible for completing the process of root formation by means of odontoblasts that produce dentin, if it is affected by trauma, carious lesion, Pre-eruptive intracoronal resorption (PEIR) and / or fracture, pulp vitality is altered and pulp necrosis may even occur, which will cause an interruption of the normal radicular formation. For the treatment of immature permanent teeth that have suffered some type of injury, but still maintain pulp vitality, the procedure of apexogenesis with added mineral trioxide (MTA) can be considered as a viable option, due to the biocompatibility and capacity of induce the formation of hard tissues. In this case report we present a tooth with a history of PEIR, treated by apexogenesis with MTA, achieving favorable results in terms of thickening of dentinal walls, root development and maintenance of pulpal vitality.

Conocimientos sobre caries de infancia temprana en personal de salud del primer nivel de atención, Cajamarca-Perú-2017

Antecedentes: La caries de infancia temprana (ECC) por sus siglas en inglés, viene siendo un problema de gran impacto en la salud pública. Todo profesional de la salud cumple un rol fundamental en el ámbito de la promoción de la salud bucal. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el conocimiento sobre caries de infancia temprana en personal de salud del primer nivel de atención, Cajamarca, Perú-2017. Metodología: Se analizaron 180 encuestas que evaluaron el conocimiento sobre ECC en todo el personal del primer nivel de atención de los establecimientos de salud en la provincia de Cajamarca, Perú-2017. Se realizó un análisis bivariado para encontrar diferencias de los conocimientos según tipo de profesional mediante la prueba de Chicuadrado corregida por Yates y la prueba de Kruskal Wallis. El presente estudio contó con un nivel de confianza del 95% y un p<0.05%. Resultados: Al evaluar los conocimientos sobre ECC se obtuvo que los cirujanos dentistas respondieron correctamente el 86.3% (n=138) de las preguntas, los técnicos de enfermería 70.7% (n=509), los profesionales en enfermería 70.4% (n=259), los profesionales en obstetricia 62.9% (n=150), y los médicos el 61.7% (n=148). Conclusiones: De manera general se concluye que los profesionales encuestados tienen un conocimiento sobre ECC, por encima del 60%.

Estabilidad de una formulación de adrenalina 1 mg/mL inyectable, para uso veterinario / Stability of a formulation of 1mg/ml adrenaline injectable product for veterinary use

Introducción: el inyectable de adrenalina 1 mg/mL se emplea en bovinos, equinos, caprinos, ovinos, porcinos, perros y gatos como estimulante directo del miocardio, en el shock anafiláctico, el espasmo bronquial por su acción broncodilatadora, en anestesia local para prolongar su acción, como hemostático local en hemorragias superficiales, en urticaria y descongestivo conjuntival. Objetivo: evaluar el desempeño del método analítico por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución, aplicable al control de la calidad y al estudio de estabilidad del inyectable y su estabilidad en el tiempo. Métodos: la separación para cuantificar el principio activo en el producto terminado se realizó a través de una columna cromatográfica Lichrosorb RP- 18(5 µm) (250 x 4 mm), con detección ultravioleta a 280 nm, empleando una fase móvil compuesta por metanol‒solución de fosfato de sodio monobásico 0,05 M, 1‒octanosulfonato de sodio y edetato de sodio a pH 3,58 (3:17) y la cuantificación de este frente a una muestra de referencia con el método del estándar externo. El estudio de vida de estante se desarrolló por un periodo de doce meses a temperatura ambiente y el de estabilidad acelerada a 40 0 C durante seis meses. Resultados: los resultados obtenidos de los parámetros analizados en la evaluación del desempeño del método se encontraron dentro de los límites establecidos. Los resultados del estudio de estabilidad por vida de estante después de transcurridos los doce meses indicaron que el producto mantiene los parámetros que determinan su calidad durante ese tiempo y no se observó degradación significativa del producto en los estudios acelerados. Conclusiones: la evaluación del desempeño del método analítico desarrollado demostró la confiabilidad del mismo. Se estableció un año como fecha de vencimiento en las condiciones señaladas(AU)

Introduction: one mig/ml adrenaline injectable product is used in bovines, horses, caprine, ovines, swines, dogs and cats as direct myocardial stimulant in the anaphylactic shock, bronchial spasm because of its bronchodilating action, in local anesthesia to extend its action, local hemostatic agent in superficial hemorrhages, in urticaria and as conjunctival decongestive agent. Objective: to evaluate the high performance liquid chromatography analytical method applicable to the quality control and the stability study of the injectable and its time stability. Methods: for quantification of the active principle in the final product, the separation was performed with a chromatographic columm Lichosorb RP-18(5 µm) (250 x 4mm)and ultraviolect detection at 280nm, using a mobile phase of methanol-monobasic sodium phosphate 0.05 M, 1-sodium octanosulphonate and sodium edentate solution at pH 3.58 (3:17) and the quantification against a reference sample was made with the external standard method. The shelf life study was conducted for 12 months at room temperature and that of accelerated stability at 40°C for six months. Results: the achieved results in the parameters analyzed in the evaluation of the method performance were within the set limits. The results of the shelf life stability study after 12 months indicated that the product keep the parameters that determine its quality during that time and no significant degradation of the product was observed in the accelerated studies. Conclusions: the evaluation of the analytical method performance showed the reliability of the method. The expiry date was then set as one year under the stated conditions(AU)

Estabilidad de una formulación de adrenalina 1 mg/mL inyectable, para uso veterinario / Stability of a formulation of 1mg/ml adrenaline injectable product for veterinary use

Introducción: el inyectable de adrenalina 1 mg/mL se emplea en bovinos, equinos, caprinos, ovinos, porcinos, perros y gatos como estimulante directo del miocardio, en el shock anafiláctico, el espasmo bronquial por su acción broncodilatadora, en anestesia local para prolongar su acción, como hemostático local en hemorragias superficiales, en urticaria y descongestivo conjuntival. Objetivo: evaluar el desempeño del método analítico por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución, aplicable al control de la calidad y al estudio de estabilidad del inyectable y su estabilidad en el tiempo. Métodos: la separación para cuantificar el principio activo en el producto terminado se realizó a través de una columna cromatográfica Lichrosorb RP- 18(5 µm) (250 x 4 mm), con detección ultravioleta a 280 nm, empleando una fase móvil compuesta por metanol‒solución de fosfato de sodio monobásico 0,05 M, 1‒octanosulfonato de sodio y edetato de sodio a pH 3,58 (3:17) y la cuantificación de este frente a una muestra de referencia con el método del estándar externo. El estudio de vida de estante se desarrolló por un periodo de doce meses a temperatura ambiente y el de estabilidad acelerada a 40 0 C durante seis meses. Resultados: los resultados obtenidos de los parámetros analizados en la evaluación del desempeño del método se encontraron dentro de los límites establecidos. Los resultados del estudio de estabilidad por vida de estante después de transcurridos los doce meses indicaron que el producto mantiene los parámetros que determinan su calidad durante ese tiempo y no se observó degradación significativa del producto en los estudios acelerados. Conclusiones: la evaluación del desempeño del método analítico desarrollado demostró la confiabilidad del mismo. Se estableció un año como fecha de vencimiento en las condiciones señaladas(AU)

Introduction: one mig/ml adrenaline injectable product is used in bovines, horses, caprine, ovines, swines, dogs and cats as direct myocardial stimulant in the anaphylactic shock, bronchial spasm because of its bronchodilating action, in local anesthesia to extend its action, local hemostatic agent in superficial hemorrhages, in urticaria and as conjunctival decongestive agent. Objective: to evaluate the high performance liquid chromatography analytical method applicable to the quality control and the stability study of the injectable and its time stability. Methods: for quantification of the active principle in the final product, the separation was performed with a chromatographic columm Lichosorb RP-18(5 µm) (250 x 4mm)and ultraviolect detection at 280nm, using a mobile phase of methanol-monobasic sodium phosphate 0.05 M, 1-sodium octanosulphonate and sodium edentate solution at pH 3.58 (3:17) and the quantification against a reference sample was made with the external standard method. The shelf life study was conducted for 12 months at room temperature and that of accelerated stability at 40°C for six months. Results: the achieved results in the parameters analyzed in the evaluation of the method performance were within the set limits. The results of the shelf life stability study after 12 months indicated that the product keep the parameters that determine its quality during that time and no significant degradation of the product was observed in the accelerated studies. Conclusions: the evaluation of the analytical method performance showed the reliability of the method. The expiry date was then set as one year under the stated condition(AU)

In vitro cytotoxicity of orthodontic archwires in cortical cell cultures.

There have been a number of studies regarding the toxicity of orthodontic archwires, but little is known concerning the mechanism of their toxicity. This investigation used murine cortical cell cultures to examine the in vitro neurotoxicity of commonly used orthodontic metallic archwire alloys. The materials examined included 0.016 inch nickel-titanium (NiTi), copper-nickel-titanium, titanium-molybdenum, Elgiloy, and stainless steel archwire alloys. Standard sized samples of each material were placed on tissue culture inserts suspended above the cell cultures. Neuronal death was determined using the lactate dehydrogenase release assay 24 hours after exposure to the archwires. The results indicated that NiTi, copper-nickel-titanium and titanium-molybdenum alloys were not neurotoxic, while stainless steel and Elgiloy were significantly toxic. Washing the archwires for 7 days in a saline solution did not alter the toxicity. However, the free radical scavenger, trolox, blocked the toxicity of both stainless steel and Elgiloy, indicating that the death was free radical mediated. The caspase inhibitor, Z-VAl-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (zVAD-FMK), blocked the toxicity of stainless steel, but not Elgiloy, suggesting that stainless steel induced apoptosis. Further evidence that stainless steel induced apoptosis was provided by propidium staining which showed nuclear chromatin condensation and fragmentation into discrete spherical or irregular shapes, characteristic of apoptosis. The specific metal responsible for the toxicity was not determined; the metals common to each of the toxic archwires were nickel, iron, and chromium.