ABSTRACT
The aim of this systematic review is to analyze the literature to determine whether the methods of artificial intelligence are effective in determining age in panoramic radiographs. Searches without language and year limits were conducted in PubMed/Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Hand searches were also performed, and unpublished manuscripts were searched in specialized journals. Thirty-six articles were included in the analysis. Significant differences in terms of root mean square error and mean absolute error were found between manual methods and artificial intelligence techniques, favoring the use of artificial intelligence (p < 0.00001). Few articles compared deep learning methods with machine learning models or manual models. Although there are advantages of machine learning in data processing and deep learning in data collection and analysis, non-comparable data was a limitation of this study. More information is needed on the comparison of these techniques, with particular emphasis on time as a variable.
Subject(s)
Age Determination by Teeth , Artificial Intelligence , Radiography, Panoramic , Humans , Age Determination by Teeth/methods , Deep Learning , Machine LearningABSTRACT
The aquatic macroinvertebrate community reflects the ecological status of a river. Typically, some extraction methods have been implemented, but the capture and preservation of organisms are necessary. The techniques of digital image processing applied to ecology have become innovative tools for the characterization of aquatic macroinvertebrates. This research implements a methodology for the processing and classification of four aquatic macroinvertebrates genera Thraulodes, Traverella (Ephemeroptera), Anacroneuria (Plecoptera), and Smicridea (Trichoptera) present in three rivers in Antioquia (Colombia), which includes two phases. The first of these was the collection and capture of organisms to obtain a database of the most abundant genera, at laboratory scale. The second was the use of simulations that allow the classification of data through a process of selection and extraction of characteristics using the bag of visual words technique. Of all the classifiers tested, Gaussian vector support machines obtained a percentage of success in the recognition up method of four organisms to the genus level of 97.1 %. The training and computational processing for classification enabled the standardization of an appropriate methodology that will serve as a starting point for aquatic biomonitoring and inventory in Colombia and internationally.
Subject(s)
Ecosystem , Invertebrates , Animals , Colombia , Environmental Monitoring , RiversABSTRACT
Introduction: After completing a five year undergraduate degree, all newly qualified doctors in the United Kingdom undertake a two-year Foundation Programme which aims to provide them with the necessary experience, supervision and guidance to prepare them for a career in clinical medicine. Foundation Doctors are paid members of the team and undertake a variety of clinical rotations with supervision from senior colleagues, a process that is regulated by a UK Foundation Programme Office. Objective: This paper aims to provide a reflective analysis of this programme to greater inform the international audience. Methods: A critical reflective analysis utilising the SWOT format (Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats), conducted by two Foundation Doctors working in the UK. Results and Discussion: We identified a well-established programme which enabled graduates to gain a broad range of clinical experience as a paid doctor but one with considerable variation at both individual and group level. Long-standing shortcomings of being a junior-doctor including long hours and excessive paperwork were still prevalent. We highlighted potential opportunities and threats within the current system, some of which were dependent upon larger political systems governing the NHS in the UK. Conclusion: The Foundation Programme is a robust approach to the training and development of early career doctors. Further research and a deeper international dialogue on the best-practice in this field is needed.
Introdução: Depois de completar os cinco anos do curso de graduação em medicina, todos os médicos recém-formados no Reino Unido cursam o Foundation Programme, com duração de dois anos, que visa proporcionar-lhes a experiência, supervisão e orientação necessárias para prepará-los para uma carreira clínica em medicina. Os médicos cursando o Foundation Programme são membros remunerados das equipes dos serviços e realizam várias rotações clínicas supervisionadas por médicos experientes, um processo que é regulado pelo UK Foundation Programme Office. Objetivo: Este trabalho visa fornecer uma análise reflexiva sobre o Foundation Programme para maior informar o público internacional. Métodos: Uma análise crítica e reflexiva utilizando a matriz DAFO (Debilidades, Ameaças, Fortalezas e Oportunidades) realizada por dois jovens médicos cursando o Foundation Programme do Reino Unido. Resultados e Discussão: Trata-se de um programa bem estabelecido, que permite aos graduados obterem uma ampla gama de experiência clínica, como médicos remunerados, porém com variações consideráveis, tanto a nível individual como coletivo. Problemas persistentes para os jovens médicos incluem jornadas longas de trabalho e ainda um predomínio de burocracia excessiva. Oportunidades e ameaças potenciais foram destacadas dentro do sistema atual, algumas delas dependentes do macro contexto político que rege o NHS no Reino Unido. Conclusão: O Foundation Programme é uma robusta iniciativa para a formação e desenvolvimento de médicos em início de carreira. São necessárias maiores investigações e um diálogo internacional mais aprofundado sobre as melhores práticas nesta área.
Introducción: Al finalizar el curso de pregrado de cinco años en medicina, los médicos recién titulados en el Reino Unido participarán del Foundation Programme, con duración de dos años, destinado a darles la experiencia, la supervisión y la orientación necesarias para prepararlos para una carrera clínica en la medicina. Los médicos que atienden el Foundation Programme son miembros pagos de los equipos del servicio y realizan diversas rotaciones clínicas supervisadas por médicos con experiencia, un proceso que está regulado por el UK Foundation Programme Office. Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo proporcionar un análisis reflexivo sobre el Foundation Programme para mejor informar al público internacional. Métodos: Análisis crítico y reflexivo usando la matriz DAFO (Debilidades, Amenazas, Fortalezas y Oportunidades) realizado por dos jóvenes médicos que atienden al Foundation Programme del Reino Unido. Resultados y Discusión: Se trata de un programa bien establecido que permite a los graduados obtener una amplia gama de experiencia clínica, como médicos remunerados, pero con variaciones considerables, tanto al nivel individual como colectivo. Problemas persistentes para los médicos jóvenes incluyen largas horas de trabajo y aún el predominio de una burocracia excesiva. Potenciales oportunidades y amenazas se han destacado en el sistema actual, algunos de ellos dependientes del macro contexto político que rige el NHS en el Reino Unido. Conclusión: El Foundation Programme es una iniciativa robusta para la formación y desarrollo de los médicos en inicio de carrera. Se requiere una mayor investigación y un diálogo internacional más profundizado sobre las mejores prácticas en esta área.