ABSTRACT
The protein content of the diet has long been investigated for its influence on food behavior. High-protein diets promote satiety and reduce calorie intake, whereas results for low-protein diets are more contradictory and less established. Protein sensing might take place in the oral cavity or in the post-oral gastrointestinal tract, where specific receptors have been found. Protein signaling to the brain may act through the vagal nerve and involve gastric hormones, such as cholecystokinin and peptide YY. Other pathways are post-absorptive signaling and the direct influence of brain levels of amino acids. High-protein diet enhances the activity of brain satiety centers, mainly the nucleus of the solitary tract and arcuate nucleus, although the activity of brain reward centers might also be modified. A better understanding of the role of both homeostatic and hedonic systems is needed to fully describe the influence of protein on food intake.
Subject(s)
Appetite Regulation/physiology , Brain/physiology , Diet , Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage , Energy Intake/physiology , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Satiety Response/physiology , Amino Acids/metabolism , Brain/metabolism , Diet, Protein-Restricted , Humans , Reward , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
The electron-microscopic examinations of lymphocytes and neutrophiles in circulating blood of children irradiated during intrauterine development and on posterior stages of ontogenesis were performed in dynamics after accidental period. Some changes in lymphocyte ultrastructure were revealed; namely the increased undulation of nuclear contours with dilated perinuclear space and some reconstructions of their cellular organoids (the increased density of mitochondrial matrix, crist disorganization, dilation of clear space in cisterns of cytoplasmic net, disorders in the structure of electron-dense granules). The peculiarities of neutrophile ultrastructure that are characterized by centre dilated perinuclear space, decrease in glycosomes, disorders in granular structure, vacuole presence, degradation of cytoplasm and nuclear hypersegmentation were determined.
Subject(s)
Cesium Radioisotopes/toxicity , Lymphocytes/ultrastructure , Neutrophils/ultrastructure , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/blood , Radioactive Pollutants/toxicity , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Lymphocytes/radiation effects , Microscopy, Electron , Neutrophils/radiation effects , Pregnancy , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/pathology , Radiation Monitoring , Radiation, Ionizing , UkraineABSTRACT
In the dynamics of the Chernobyl postaccidental period the electron microscopy examinations of the superficial architectonics of peripheral blood erythrocytes have been performed in the children irradiated during the uterine development and at the following stages of the ontogenesis. The expressed morphological reorganization of the erythrocyte populations was revealed in the children irradiated in utero at all the stages of investigation: the number of diskocytes decreased and the number of transitory, predhemolytic and degenerative forms increased in comparison with the control. The disorders in the superficial relief and in the form of blood erythrocytes indicative of the disorganization and transformation of erythrocytes in the children irradiated in utero stipulate their functional inferiority.
Subject(s)
Erythrocytes, Abnormal/ultrastructure , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/blood , Radioactive Pollutants/toxicity , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Erythrocytes, Abnormal/radiation effects , Female , Humans , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Pregnancy , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/etiology , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/pathology , Radiation Monitoring , Radioactive Pollutants/analysis , UkraineABSTRACT
A total of 878 children from the regions with unfavourable radiation situation were investigated in varying periods after the catastrophe. The data obtained were compared with the results of the study of 317 children from "pure" regions. Morphological, metabolic and ultrastructural changes were detected in blood cells of the children from radioactively contaminated regions after the Chernobyl catastrophe. A tendency to normalization of these parameters was noted in the time course of the post-catastrophe period. No clear relationship was established between the dose and effect. However, significant correlations between the severity of disorders in blood cells and the intensity of free-radical processes in the body were recorded.
Subject(s)
Accidents , Air Pollutants, Radioactive/adverse effects , Blood Cells/radiation effects , Blood/radiation effects , Nuclear Reactors , Power Plants , Adolescent , Blood Cell Count/radiation effects , Child , Hematologic Diseases/blood , Hematologic Diseases/epidemiology , Hematologic Diseases/etiology , Humans , Radiation Injuries/blood , Radiation Injuries/epidemiology , Radiation Injuries/etiology , Time Factors , Ukraine/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Organs of newborns expired in the early neonatal period were studied as were histological, histochemical and ultrastructural alterations in the placentas of fetuses with a history of chronic intrauterine hypoxia (45 cases). The findings compared with the similar investigations conducted in the females with physiological pregnancy and labor were suggestive of the interrelation of placental alterations and structural lesions in the liver and myocardium of the newborn.
