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1.
Top Companion Anim Med ; 52: 100757, 2023.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36592860

ABSTRACT

FOP is a rare genetic condition, described mainly in man and cats, characterized by progressive, painful debilitation and shortened lifespan. A 10-month-old neutered male Savannah cat was referred for progressive gait abnormalities and multifocal firm masses within the soft-tissues that were unresponsive to previous treatment. Diagnosis of FOP was based on histopathological evaluation of intralesional biopsies, which revealed osteo-cartilaginous metaplasia and fibrocellular proliferation with intralesional chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification. The cat was managed with 5 mg/kg BID enrofloxacin and hydrotherapy for 3 years until acute death. During that three-year period, the cat displayed consistent improvement in endurance, quality of life, and range of motion. Postmortem histopathology further confirmed the diagnosis of FOP via identification of intramuscular and intra-fascial ossification with lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, degeneration, and regeneration of adjacent myocytes. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of long-term enrofloxacin treatment and hydrotherapy for the management of FOP in a cat, leading to improved mobility and survival time, and the first report of FOP in an exotic breed cat.


Subject(s)
Hydrotherapy , Myositis Ossificans , Ossification, Heterotopic , Male , Animals , Myositis Ossificans/genetics , Myositis Ossificans/pathology , Myositis Ossificans/veterinary , Ossification, Heterotopic/genetics , Ossification, Heterotopic/pathology , Ossification, Heterotopic/veterinary , Enrofloxacin/therapeutic use , Quality of Life , Hydrotherapy/veterinary
2.
Med Mycol ; 57(Supplement_1): S67-S75, 2019 Feb 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30690600

ABSTRACT

Canine coccidioidomycosis, a systemic fungal infection endemic to arid and semiarid regions of North, Central, and South America, is commonly diagnosed in dogs living in or traveling through lower Sonoran life zones in the states of California and Arizona. Canine and human cases have geographic overlap. Similarities between clinical coccidioidomycosis in dogs and humans include asymptomatic infection, primary respiratory disease and disseminated disease. Differences include a high rate of dissemination in dogs, differences in predilection of dissemination sites, and a granulomatous or diffuse meningoencephalopathic form in the canine central nervous system (CNS) without the obstructive component seen in humans. Dogs presenting with CNS coccidioidomycosis most commonly experience seizures. Prior disease history and serology are unreliable indicators of CNS coccidioidomycosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is advantageous for diagnosis of CNS coccidioidomycosis in dogs. Long-term administration of antifungal medication is promoted for treatment of both primary and disseminated coccidioidomycosis in dogs. Supportive treatment addressing pain, fever, inappetance, coughing, and other clinical signs improves patient care. Glucocorticoids and or anticonvulsants are also recommended for canine disseminated CNS disease. Protracted treatment times, lack of owner compliance, failure of the disease to respond to the first antifungal drug selected, and high cost are challenges of successfully treating dogs.


Subject(s)
Coccidioidomycosis/veterinary , Dog Diseases/microbiology , Dogs/microbiology , Meningoencephalitis/drug therapy , Animals , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Antifungal Agents/economics , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Brain/diagnostic imaging , Coccidioides/drug effects , Coccidioidomycosis/drug therapy , Cough , Dog Diseases/drug therapy , Female , Fever , Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Meningoencephalitis/diagnosis , Meningoencephalitis/microbiology , Seizures
4.
Top Companion Anim Med ; 30(1): 2-4, 2015 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26041589

ABSTRACT

Preterm labor (PTL), myometrial activity, and accompanying cervical changes can lead to the loss of pregnancy via resorption or abortion before term gestation. Idiopathic PTL has no metabolic, infectious, congenital, traumatic, or toxic cause identified; however, hypoluteoidism has been hypothesized to cause PTL in the bitch, based on progesterone measurements at the time of clinical pregnancy loss. This study documents the use of tocodynamometry to detect PTL in 5 bitches; progesterone measurements in these bitches were normal for pregnancy at the time PTL was diagnosed.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Obstetric Labor, Premature/veterinary , Uterine Monitoring/veterinary , Abortion, Veterinary/prevention & control , Animals , Diagnosis, Differential , Dogs , Female , Luteolysis , Obstetric Labor, Premature/diagnosis , Pregnancy , Progesterone/blood
5.
Top Companion Anim Med ; 30(1): 28-30, 2015 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26041595

ABSTRACT

A 2-year-old intact male South African Boerboel presented for semen cryopreservation and was discovered to be azoospermic. The dog had excellent libido and had sired litters within 6 months, so a further investigation of why his collection lacked sperm was warranted. On further examination of his scrotal contents, his right epididymis had an enlarged area with a hard texture. Ultrasonography revealed that the enlarged area of the right epididymis was fluid filled. A sample of the fluid was aspirated for aerobic culture. No bacteria showed growth. Although the culture was negative, it was suspected that this dog had an epididymitis or epididymal abscess, and treatment with enrofloxacin at 10mg/kg orally was initiated for 4 weeks. The abnormal texture and fluid-filled cavity in the right epididymis persisted, despite antibiotic therapy. Cytology of a repeat aspiration of the fluid-filled area after antibiotic therapy revealed a mixture of red blood cells and sperm. Owing to the potential for blood-testis barrier disruption, a unilateral orchiectomy of the right testicle was performed, as an attempt to protect future sperm production of the remaining testicle. A spermatocele was confirmed on histopathology. After another month, an excellent-quality semen sample was collected, with 90% progressive motility, good concentration, and few morphologic abnormalities. A subsequent collection was acquired and was successfully cryopreserved for future breeding. In dogs with spermatoceles, semen quality can be preserved with aggressive treatment to remove the affected testicle. The disruption of the blood-testis barrier in spermatoceles may result in antisperm antibody production and eventual infertility; however, cryopreservation can result in long-term options for owners seeking to continue using an animal in their breeding program.


Subject(s)
Azoospermia/veterinary , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Spermatocele/veterinary , Animals , Azoospermia/diagnosis , Azoospermia/diagnostic imaging , Cryopreservation/veterinary , Diagnosis, Differential , Dog Diseases/surgery , Dogs , Male , Orchiectomy/veterinary , Paracentesis/veterinary , Pedigree , Spermatocele/diagnosis , Spermatocele/surgery , Spermatozoa
6.
Top Companion Anim Med ; 30(1): 31-4, 2015 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26041596

ABSTRACT

A formerly fertile 5-year-old 45-kg Labrador retriever was evaluated for azoospermia noted during routine semen collection for an artificial insemination. Over the past 3 years, the dog had sired 4 litters of anticipated size for the breed out of 5 breedings, the most recent a litter of 10 conceived and whelped 2 months previously. Physical examination findings were normal with the exception of bilaterally small and soft testes. An open excisional wedge biopsy of the right testis was performed under general anesthesia. Histopathology findings supported an immunologic, autoimmune pathogenesis that had resulted in infertility over the previous 4 months.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Orchitis/veterinary , Animals , Breeding , Diagnosis, Differential , Dog Diseases/surgery , Dogs , Male , Orchitis/diagnosis , Orchitis/surgery , Pedigree
7.
Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract ; 44(2): 191-204, 2014 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24580986

ABSTRACT

Prudent veterinary intervention in the prenatal, parturient, and postpartum periods can increase neonatal survival by controlling or eliminating factors contributing to puppy morbidity and mortality. Postresuscitation or within the first 24 hours of a natural delivery, a complete physical examination should be performed by a veterinarian, technician, or knowledgeable breeder. Adequate ingestion of colostrum must occur promptly (within 24 hours) postpartum for puppies and kittens to acquire passive immunity.


Subject(s)
Animals, Newborn , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/veterinary , Cats , Dogs , Animals , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/instrumentation , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/methods , Postpartum Period
8.
Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract ; 44(2): 325-9, 2014 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24580993

ABSTRACT

Congenital palate defects (CP) occur in dogs. Secondary cleft palate (SCP) is a congenital oronasal fistula resulting in incomplete closure of the hard and soft palate. SCP occurs alone or in combination with primary cleft palate involving the lip and premaxilla. CP results from incomplete fusion of the palatine shelves, most critical at 25 to 28 days gestation. Methods to improve survival of puppies with CP are sought by clients. This case report illustrates a successful method to manage nutrition in affected dogs until adult size is attained, facilitating surgical correction.


Subject(s)
Cleft Palate/veterinary , Dog Diseases/therapy , Animals , Cleft Palate/pathology , Cleft Palate/therapy , Dog Diseases/pathology , Dogs , Male
9.
Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract ; 44(2): 343-53, 2014 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24580995

ABSTRACT

Ectopic ureters are the most common cause of urinary incontinence in young dogs but should be considered as a differential in any incontinent dog for which the history is not known. Ectopic ureters can be diagnosed with excretory urography, fluoroscopic urethrography or ureterography, abdominal ultrasonography, cystoscopy, helical computed tomography, or a combination of these diagnostic procedures. Other congenital abnormalities can also occur in dogs with ectopic ureters, including renal agenesis or dysplasia, hydronephrosis, and/or hydroureter and vestibulovaginal anomalies; therefore, the entire urinary system must be evaluated with ultrasonography if cystoscopy is the only other diagnostic tool used before surgery. Novel surgical techniques and adjunctive medical management have improved the prognosis for dogs with urinary ectopia.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/congenital , Ureter/abnormalities , Ureteral Diseases/veterinary , Animals , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Dog Diseases/surgery , Dogs , Ureteral Diseases/congenital , Ureteral Diseases/surgery
11.
Top Companion Anim Med ; 27(4): 165-6, 2012 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23415384

ABSTRACT

Reproductive causes of hypocalcemia include puerperal tetany (eclampsia) and mild hypocalcemia during whelping. This article reviews the pathophysiology, signalment, clinical signs, and treatment of eclampsia in the bitch and queen. The second part of the article focuses on the consequences and treatment of hypocalcemia prior to and during whelping in dogs and cats.


Subject(s)
Cat Diseases/physiopathology , Dog Diseases/physiopathology , Hypocalcemia/veterinary , Puerperal Disorders/veterinary , Animals , Calcium/metabolism , Cats , Dogs , Eclampsia/physiopathology , Eclampsia/veterinary , Female , Hypocalcemia/etiology , Pregnancy , Puerperal Disorders/physiopathology
12.
J Am Anim Hosp Assoc ; 47(2): 83-8, 2011.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21311077

ABSTRACT

Uterine inertia is a common cause of dystocia in the bitch and is designated as primary (i.e., uterine contractions fail to ever be initiated) or secondary (i.e., uterine contractions cease after a period of time but before labor is completed). The etiology of primary uterine inertia is not well understood. The accurate diagnosis of primary uterine inertia requires the use of tocodynamometry (uterine monitoring). Primary uterine inertia has been postulated to result from a failure of luteolysis resulting in persistently elevated progesterone concentrations. In this study, primary uterine inertia was diagnosed in a series of four bitches in which luteolysis was documented suggesting some other etiopathogenesis for primary uterine inertia.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Luteinizing Hormone/blood , Luteolysis/physiology , Uterine Inertia/veterinary , Animals , Blood Urea Nitrogen , Dog Diseases/blood , Dog Diseases/etiology , Dogs , Female , Hematocrit/veterinary , Pregnancy , Retrospective Studies , Uterine Inertia/blood , Uterine Inertia/diagnosis , Uterine Inertia/etiology
13.
J Am Vet Med Assoc ; 236(11): 1208-14, 2010 Jun 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20513199

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To determine concentrations of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) in serum of healthy bitches during various stages of the reproductive cycle and in bitches with hyperadrenocorticism and to compare the dynamics of 17OHP with those of progesterone. DESIGN: Prospective evaluation study. ANIMALS: 15 healthy sexually intact bitches and 28 spayed bitches with hyperadrenocorticism. PROCEDURES: 11 healthy bitches were evaluated during estrus, nonpregnant diestrus, and anestrus (group 1); 4 other healthy bitches were evaluated during pregnancy and after ovariohysterectomy (group 2). Cycle stages were determined via physical examination, vaginal cytologic evaluation, and serum progesterone concentration. Bitches with hyperadrenocorticism were evaluated once at the time of diagnosis (group 3). Serum hormone concentrations were determined with immunoassays. RESULTS: In group 1, the serum 17OHP concentration was significantly higher in diestrus (median, 1.8 ng/mL) than in estrus (median, 1.1 ng/mL) and anestrus (median, 0.2 ng/mL) and higher in estrus than in anestrus. Changes in serum progesterone concentrations accounted for 22% (estrus) or 23% (diestrus) of the variation in serum 17OHP concentrations. In group 2, 17OHP and progesterone concentrations were significantly higher during pregnancy than after ovariohysterectomy. The serum 17OHP concentration in group 3 was significantly lower (median, 0.2 ng/mL) than in group 1 in estrus and diestrus and in group 2 during pregnancy (median, 0.7 ng/mL) but was not different from 17OHP concentrations in anestrus or after ovariohysterectomy (median, 0.2 ng/mL). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Serum 17OHP concentrations in healthy bitches increased during estrus, diestrus, and pregnancy and at those times were higher than in spayed bitches with hyperadrenocorticism.


Subject(s)
17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone/blood , Adrenocortical Hyperfunction/veterinary , Dog Diseases/blood , Estrous Cycle/blood , Estrous Cycle/physiology , Adrenocortical Hyperfunction/blood , Animals , Case-Control Studies , Dogs , Female , Pregnancy
15.
Top Companion Anim Med ; 24(2): 55-63, 2009 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19501343

ABSTRACT

Ultrasonographic evaluation of the reproductive tract is an important component in the evaluation of the bitch and queen. Information is obtained concerning normal events involving the reproductive system (eg, ovulation, pregnancy) as well as pathologic conditions (eg, ovarian cysts, metritis). The appearance of the female reproductive tract normally changes with phases of the cycle; these changes need to be interpreted with knowledge of the ovarian cycle. Serial ultrasonographic evaluation of the diseased reproductive tract can be very helpful in evaluating response to therapy.


Subject(s)
Cats/anatomy & histology , Dogs/anatomy & histology , Genitalia, Female/diagnostic imaging , Infertility, Female/veterinary , Ovulation/physiology , Uterus/diagnostic imaging , Animals , Cat Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Cat Diseases/etiology , Cats/physiology , Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Dog Diseases/etiology , Dogs/physiology , Female , Genitalia, Female/anatomy & histology , Infertility, Female/diagnostic imaging , Infertility, Female/etiology , Pregnancy , Reproductive Physiological Phenomena , Ultrasonography , Uterus/anatomy & histology
16.
Top Companion Anim Med ; 24(2): 64-70, 2009 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19501344

ABSTRACT

Ultrasonographic evaluation of the reproductive tract is an important component in the evaluation of the dog and tom with reproductive disorders. Information is obtained confirming normal anatomy as well as pathologic conditions (eg, testicular neoplasia). Serial ultrasonographic evaluation of the diseased reproductive tract can be very helpful in evaluating progression of disease (eg, testicular atrophy) and response to therapy (eg, benign prostatic hyperplasia).


Subject(s)
Cat Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Cats , Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Dogs , Genitalia, Male/diagnostic imaging , Infertility, Male/veterinary , Animals , Cat Diseases/etiology , Cats/anatomy & histology , Cats/physiology , Dog Diseases/etiology , Dogs/anatomy & histology , Dogs/physiology , Genitalia, Male/anatomy & histology , Genitalia, Male/physiology , Infertility, Male/diagnostic imaging , Infertility, Male/etiology , Male , Prostatic Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Prostatic Diseases/veterinary , Testicular Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Testicular Diseases/veterinary , Ultrasonography
17.
Top Companion Anim Med ; 24(2): 100-3, 2009 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19501346

ABSTRACT

A male Labrador Retriever neonate presented for evaluation 8 hours after birth because of the onset of generalized seizure activity. The neonate was one of 8 puppies delivered over a 19-hour period to a 4-year-old female Labrador Retriever at an assistance dog breeding colony. Uterine and fetal heart monitoring were performed during the first and second stages of labor; secondary uterine inertia was diagnosed 10 hours after the onset of stage-1 labor. In addition to standard medical therapy, manual assistance was provided for the delivery of all but the second puppy (feathering, pulling, elevating forequarters, abdominal compression). The puppy presented was the third puppy born. At birth, resuscitation efforts were instituted because of a lack of spontaneous breathing and bradycardia. In an effort to remove amniotic fluid from the airways, the puppy was "swung" by an experienced attendee in an arch from mid-abdomen height to knee height while cradled in both hands with the head stabilized. Initial evaluation of the puppy revealed normal blood glucose and no ultrasonographic evidence of hydrocephalus. Because of continued seizure activity, euthanasia and necropsy were elected. At necropsy, there was gross evidence of subdural hematoma formation. Subsequent histopathology of the brain, liver, lung, spleen, small intestine, colon, and kidney revealed subdural and intracerebral hemorrhage. Findings were consistent with high-velocity deceleration trauma ("shaken baby syndrome"). Traditional neonatal resuscitation via "swinging" is a dangerous and potentially lethal practice capable of inducing significant brain trauma in the canine neonate.


Subject(s)
Brain Injuries/veterinary , Cerebral Hemorrhage, Traumatic/veterinary , Dog Diseases/etiology , Hematoma, Subdural/veterinary , Resuscitation/veterinary , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Brain Injuries/etiology , Cerebral Hemorrhage, Traumatic/etiology , Dogs , Fatal Outcome , Hematoma, Subdural/etiology , Male , Resuscitation/adverse effects , Resuscitation/methods
18.
Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract ; 36(3): 641-55, vii-viii, 2006 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16564417

ABSTRACT

Pediatric patients are commonly presented to the veterinarian because of signs referable to the abdominal cavity caused by congenital anomalies,dietary indiscretion, parasitic infestation, and infectious disease. Abdominal ultrasound provides valuable clinical information about the peritoneal cavity, great vessels, abdominal viscera, and lymph nodes,which is obtained in a noninvasive fashion and usually does not necessitate sedation or anesthesia. Ultrasonography thus greatly facilitates diagnostic evaluation of the pediatric patient. Ultrasound equipment already in place in many small animal veterinary clinics is appropriate for most pediatric cases.


Subject(s)
Abdomen/diagnostic imaging , Cat Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Ultrasonography/veterinary , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Cat Diseases/diagnosis , Cats , Diagnosis, Differential , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Dogs , Ultrasonography/instrumentation , Ultrasonography/methods
19.
Am J Vet Res ; 67(1): 70-7, 2006 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16426214

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To determine ultrasonographic characteristics of the thyroid gland in healthy small-, medium-, and large-breed dogs and evaluate the relationships of thyroid gland size and volume with body weight and body surface area (BSA). ANIMALS: 72 dogs of small (6 Toy and 6 Miniature Poodles), medium (12 Beagles), and large breeds (12 Akitas and 36 Golden Retrievers). PROCEDURE: Each dog's thyroid gland was examined ultrasonographically with a 10- to 5-MHz multifrequency linear-array transducer. Size, shape, echogenicity, and homogeneity of thyroid lobes were evaluated on longitudinal and transverse images. Thyroid lobe volume was estimated by use of the equation for an ellipsoid (pi/6 [length x height x width]). RESULTS: Thyroid lobes appeared fusiform or elliptical on longitudinal images and triangular or round to oval on transverse images. In most dogs, thyroid lobes were hyperechoic or isoechoic, compared with surrounding musculature, and had a homogeneous echogenic pattern. Mean length, width, height, and volume of thyroid lobes were significantly greater in Akitas and Golden Retrievers, compared with findings in Beagles or Poodles; mean length, width, and height were significantly greater in Beagles, compared with findings in Poodles. Total thyroid gland volume correlated with body weight (r = 0.73) and BSA (r = 0.74). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Among the dog breeds examined ultrasonographically, thyroid lobe size and volume were more variable than shape, echogenicity, and homogeneity. The correlation of thyroid gland volume with BSA suggests that size of the dog, rather than breed, should be considered when assessing thyroid glands ultrasonographically.


Subject(s)
Body Size , Dogs/anatomy & histology , Thyroid Gland/diagnostic imaging , Analysis of Variance , Animals , Autoantibodies/blood , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Species Specificity , Ultrasonography
20.
J Vet Intern Med ; 19(4): 499-506, 2005.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16095166

ABSTRACT

Ultrasound evaluation of the thyroid gland was performed in healthy, hypothyroid, and euthyroid Golden Retriever dogs with nonthyroidal illness (NTI) to determine the diagnostic usefulness of ultrasound for differentiating between euthyroid and hypothyroid dogs. Thirty-six healthy, 11 hypothyroid, and 35 euthyroid dogs with NTI were evaluated. Each thyroid lobe was examined ultrasonographically for size, shape, echogenicity, and homogeneity. Thyroid lobe volume was estimated by using the equation for an ellipsoid: pi/6(length X height x width). No differences were found between healthy dogs and euthyroid dogs with NTI. In the majority of euthyroid dogs, the thyroid lobes were fusiform and triangular in shape in longitudinal and transverse planes, respectively. The thyroid capsule appeared smooth. The thyroid parenchyma had a homogeneous echogenic pattern and usually was hyperechoic or isoechoic compared with the surrounding musculature. Ultrasound findings in hypothyroid dogs were more variable, including a greater frequency of round to oval-shaped thyroid lobes in the transverse imaging plane (P < .05), hypoechogenicity of the thyroid parenchyma compared with surrounding musculature (P < .001), and a decrease in the size and volume of the thyroid lobes and total volume of the thyroid gland (P < .05) compared with euthyroid dogs. Other findings in hypothyroid dogs included an irregular surface to the thyroid capsule, a heterogeneous pattern to the thyroid parenchyma, and differences in the echogenic pattern between the left and right thyroid lobes. Results suggest that determination of thyroid size and volume by ultrasound may be a useful adjunctive test for differentiating between hypothyroid and euthyroid dogs with NTI.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Hypothyroidism/veterinary , Thyroid Gland/diagnostic imaging , Animals , Dogs , Female , Hypothyroidism/diagnostic imaging , Male , Thyrotropin/blood , Thyroxine/blood , Ultrasonography
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