Utilidad de las agujas percutáneas en la factibilidad de la colecistectomía laparoscópica con un puerto / Use of percutaneous needles in the feasability of single-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se analiza la utilidad de agujas percutáneas (AP) sustituyendo puertos de asistencia tradicionales en técnicas miniinvasivas de puerto único, mostrando su factibilidad al realizar colecistectomía laparoscópica con un puerto (CL1P). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo, lineal y descriptivo de 2.431 pacientes intervenidos de CL1P, por enfermedad vesicular aguda y no aguda utilizando algún tipo de AP, sustituyendo los puertos asistenciales usados en colecistectomía laparoscópica tradicional (CLT). Basado en el uso progresivo de AP: riendas (R), aguja-gancho (AG) y aguja pasa hilos (APH) al desarrollar la técnica CL1P, dividimos 3 grupos: A, B y C. Se compararon resultados utilizando T de student, odds ratio e IC, analizándolos mediante SPSS 13.0. RESULTADOS: El uso de las AP mostró incremento en la factibilidad del procedimiento laparoscópico, conforme se integraron en la técnica quirúrgica. Las R tuvieron factibilidad de realizar CL1P en 78% de los casos, integrando AG aumentó a 88% y utilizando R, AG y APH en 96%. Hubo significación estadística con valores: Ji2 de 67,13 y p < 0,001; odds ratio e IC (95%) obtuvieron significación comparando grupos B/C, A/C y A-B/C. CONCLUSIONES: Las AP, sustituyendo puertos asistenciales, permiten alcanzar factibilidad del procedimiento en el 96% de los casos, semejante al que se logra con la CLT, lo cual coloca a la técnica CL1P como una alternativa ventajosa y económica. Esta aplicación de las AP podría ser extensiva a otras técnicas de puerto único, con plataforma multivalvular, y a la cirugía por orificios naturales

INTRODUCTION: The usefulness of percutaneous needles (PN) to replace traditional assistance ports in mini-invasive techniques with a single port is analyzed and their feasibility for conducting a single port laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SPLC) is demonstrated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective, linear and descriptive study covering 2,431 patients with a diagnosis of acute and non-acute gallbladder disease has been conducted. The patients underwent a single port laparoscopic cholecystectomy using some type of PNs, replacing the assisting ports used in traditional laparoscopic cholecystechtomy (TLC). Based on the progressive use of PNs-reins (R), hooked needles (HN) and passing suture needles (PSN)-to carry out the SPLC technique, 3 groups have been established: A, B and C. The results were compared using a Student T test, odds ratio and CI and were analyzed by means of the SPSS software V. 13.0. RESULTS: The use of PNs showed an increased feasibility for the laparoscopic procedure, as they were included in the surgical technique. The R were useful when carrying out the SPLC in 78% of the cases and when the HK were added, the results increased to 88%. When using the 3 types (R, HN and PSN), the results increased by 96%. Statistical significance was obtained with these values: chi 2 = 67.13 and P<.001; odds ratio and 95% CI became significant when comparing the B/C, A/C, and A-B/C groups. CONCLUSIONS: The PNs, replacing the assisting ports in laparoscopy, make it possible to attain a feasibility of the process in 96% of the cases. This percentage was similar to what is achieved with the TLC, which places the one port laparoscopy surgery technique as an advantageous and economic alternative. This application of the PNs could be made extensive to other single-port techniques, with a multi-valve platform and natural orifice surgery

[Use of percutaneous needles in the feasability of single-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy]. / Utilidad de las agujas percutáneas en la factibilidad de la colecistectomía laparoscópica con un puerto.

INTRODUCTION: The usefulness of percutaneous needles (PN) to replace traditional assistance ports in mini-invasive techniques with a single port is analyzed and their feasibility for conducting a single port laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SPLC) is demonstrated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective, linear and descriptive study covering 2,431 patients with a diagnosis of acute and non-acute gallbladder disease has been conducted. The patients underwent a single port laparoscopic cholecystectomy using some type of PNs, replacing the assisting ports used in traditional laparoscopic cholecystechtomy (TLC). Based on the progressive use of PNs-reins (R), hooked needles (HN) and passing suture needles (PSN)-to carry out the SPLC technique, 3 groups have been established: A, B and C. The results were compared using a Student T test, odds ratio and CI and were analyzed by means of the SPSS software v. 13.0. RESULTS: The use of PNs showed an increased feasibility for the laparoscopic procedure, as they were included in the surgical technique. The R were useful when carrying out the SPLC in 78% of the cases and when the HK were added, the results increased to 88%. When using the 3 types (R, HN and PSN), the results increased by 96%. Statistical significance was obtained with these values: chi 2=67.13 and P<.001; odds ratio and 95% CI became significant when comparing the B/C, A/C, and A-B/C groups. CONCLUSIONS: The PNs, replacing the assisting ports in laparoscopy, make it possible to attain a feasibility of the process in 96% of the cases. This percentage was similar to what is achieved with the TLC, which places the one port laparoscopy surgery technique as an advantageous and economic alternative. This application of the PNs could be made extensive to other single-port techniques, with a multi-valve platform and natural orifice surgery.

Daño tisular en cirugía laparoscópica / Tissue damage in laparoscopic surgery

bjetivo: Comparar las técnicas laparoscópicas emergentes demayor popularidad en el ámbito quirúrgico, aplicando modelosmatemáticos­teóricos para el cálculo del daño tisular, de manerade poder identificar y predecir que técnicas causan menor traumaparietal y menor morbilidad en el paciente para un procedimientoquirúrgico en común. Métodos:Estudio comparativo, descriptivoy observacional. Se agrupan 13 técnicas de cirugía de mínima inva-sión aplicadas para un procedimiento en común, "colecistecto-mía", con la finalidad de comparar el daño tisular que ocasionacada una de las mismas, calculado por modelos teóricos-matemá-ticos diseñados para tal fin, bajo normas estandarizadas por ungrupo de expertos en el tema, "Consenso de Mazatlán 2013", conel fin de estandarizar las técnicas de medición de las incisiones einstrumentos, de manera de obtener resultados acordes con la rea-lidad en cada uno de los procedimientos. Resultados:La técnicaNOTES presenta los índices más bajos de daño tisular parietal alno producir trauma alguno en su variedad pura y al no utilizar lapared abdominal para la extracción de la pieza quirúrgica en susvariedades híbridas. Las técnicas abordaje abdominal (no LESS),reducen a menos del 50% el daño tisular que ocasiona la laparos-copia tradicional, sin diferencia significativa entre ellas. Las plata-formas multivalvulares no muestran reducción del daño parietalfrente a la colecistectomía laparoscopia tradicional. Conclusión:Las técnicas laparoscópicas que reducen significativamente el trau-ma parietal frente al estándar de oro para colecistectomía aplicanuno o más de las siguientes consideraciones: Extracción de losórganos o piezas quirúrgicas por orificios naturales, sustitución depuertos por dispositivos magnéticos y/o agujas percutáneas, usode óptica con canal operatorio, y utilización de puertos e instru-mentos de menor calibre(AU)

Objective: To compare the most popular emerging surgical lapa-roscopic techniques, applying models for mathematicians-theore-tical for the calculation of the tissue damage, in order to be ableto identify and predict which techniques cause reduced parietaltrauma and less morbidity in the patient for a surgical procedurein common. Methods: Comparative, descriptive and observationalstudy. There were grouped 13 minimally invasive surgery techni-ques applied to a procedure in common, "cholecystectomy", inorder to compare the tissue damage that causes each of them, cal-culated by theoretical-mathematicians models designed for thispurpose, under standardized rules by a group of experts in thefield, "Mazatlan Consensus 2013", to standardize measurement ofincisions and instruments techniques, in order to get results com-mensurate with the reality in each of the procedures. Results:Thetechnique NOTES presents the lowest rates of parietal tissuedamage by not producing any trauma in its sheer variety and doesnot use the abdominal wall for the extraction of the surgical spe-cimen in its hybrid varieties. The technical approach to abdominal(not LESS), reduced to less than 50% the tissue damage that cau-ses traditional laparoscopy, without significant difference betweenthem. Multivalvulars platforms are not against traditional laparos-copy cholecystectomy parietal harm reduction. Conclusion:Thelaparoscopic techniques that significantly reduce the parietal trau-ma against the gold standard for cholecystectomy apply one ormore of the following considerations: removal of organs or surgicalparts through natural openings, replacement of ports by percuta-neous needle or magnetic devices, use of optics with operativechannel, and use of ports and instruments for the smaller caliber

Transvaginal liver surgery using a tethered magnet and a laparoscopic rein.

INTRODUCTION: A novel technique was used to remove a large liver cyst via culdolaparoscopy. CASE DESCRIPTION: We used laparoscopic instruments, a gastroscope, a laparoscopic rein, and magnets. The magnets consist of an external magnet and a specially modified tethered neodymium internal magnet, safe for use in transvaginal endoscopic surgery. DISCUSSION: These technologies offer some advantages when they are used together: magnets and the rein to aid in exposure, traction-retraction, and triangulation. Previous reports have been published on the removal of benign liver lesions transvaginally, but none to date has involved the use of magnets. This article reports on the role of magnets and reins in an incision reduction approach to the removal of a liver cyst.

Bladeless direct optical trocar insertion in laparoscopic procedures on the obese patient.

BACKGROUND: Recently, we have shown advantages of a direct optical entry (DOE) using a bladeless trocar in comparison with the open Hasson technique (OHT) in older reproductive-age women with previous operations, as well as in comparison with Veress needle entry in reproductive-age and postmenopausal women. OBJECTIVES: A prospective multicenter randomized study to determine whether the DOE is feasible for establishing safe and rapid entry into the abdomen in comparison with those of the OHT in reproductive-age obese women. METHODS: Two types of surgical techniques were blindly applied in 224 obese reproductive-age women with benign neoplastic diseases of ovary and uterus. Namely, laparoscopic entry into the abdomen in 108 patients was performed by DOE and in 116 women by OHT. Following parameters (entry time in seconds needed to establish the intra-abdominal vision after pneumoperitoneum, blood loss, occurrence of vascular and/or bowel injuries) were compared during surgery as main outcomes. RESULTS: Main baseline characteristics of patients, including age (36.1 ± 4.5 vs 35.7 ± 5.8), body mass index (34.9 ± 5.1 vs 35.1 ± 4.9 kg/m(2)), and parity (2.1 ± 0.4 vs 1.9 ± 0.9), were not significantly different between the DOE and OHT groups (P > .05). While intraoperative parameters such as the entry time (71.9 ± 3.7 vs 215.1 ± 6.2 seconds) and blood loss value (9.7 ± 6.1 vs 12.2 ± 2.9 mL) were significantly reduced in the DOE group in comparison with those of OHT group (respectively, P < .0001 and < .01), there were also trends to slight decrease of the occurrence of the minor injuries, manifested as omental small vessels rupture (0 of 108 vs 4 of 116) and punctures and pinches of jejunal serosa (0 of 108 vs 3 of 116) in patients of the DOE group in comparison with those of OHT group (respectively, P = .0515 and = .0925). CONCLUSIONS: DOE reduced entry time and blood loss with trends to slightly decrease of the occurrence of the minor vascular and bowel injuries, thus enabling a possible alternative to OHT in obese women; however, further larger trials need to confirm the possible additional benefits of a DOE.

Surgical management of neurovascular bundle in uterine fibroid pseudocapsule.

The uterine fibroid pseudocapsule is a fibro-neurovascular structure surrounding a leiomyoma, separating it from normal peripheral myometrium. The fibroid pseudocapsule is composed of a neurovascular network rich in neurofibers similar to the neurovascular bundle surrounding a prostate. The nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy has several intriguing parallels to myomectomy. It may serve either as a useful model in modern fibroid surgical removal, or it may accelerate our understanding of the role of the fibrovascular bundle and neurotransmitters in the healing and restoration of reproductive potential after intracapsular myomectomy. Surgical innovations, such as laparoscopic or robotic myomectomy applied to the intracapsular technique with magnification of the fibroid pseudocapsule surrounding a leiomyoma, originated from the radical prostatectomy method that highlighted a careful dissection of the neurovascular bundle to preserve sexual functioning after prostatectomy. Gentle uterine leiomyoma detachment from the pseudocapsule neurovascular bundle has allowed a reduction in uterine bleeding and uterine musculature trauma with sparing of the pseudocapsule neuropeptide fibers. This technique has had a favorable impact on functionality in reproduction and has improved fertility outcomes. Further research should determine the role of the myoma pseudocapsule neurovascular bundle in the formation, growth, and pathophysiological consequences of fibroids, including pain, infertility, and reproductive outcomes.

Transabdominal wall deployment for instruments, lights, and micromotors using the concept of secured independent tools.

Use of secured independent tools (SIT) is changing the laparoscopy paradigm, which involves the use of instruments inside the abdominal cavity that are operated via a port that is larger in diameter than the instrument itself. However, in SIT instead of ports we used filaments or cables. Here we describe a modified SIT for use in the introduction of sutures or cables inside the peritoneum. Cables or sutures are passed through a tunnel made by an intravenous catheter and then exteriorized via a 12-mm port for tying, plugging (attaching), or connecting to different types of devices such as an endoscopic bulldog, alligator clamps, lights, and micromotors. These devices are introduced inside the abdomen and remotely operated with cables or filaments. The use of SIT is not limited to laparoscopy; it was successfully used in clinical experiences of single-port and single-incision laparoscopy and could facilitate natural orifice surgery. The technique offers a good force for traction, retraction, and mobilization. In addition, it has transmission capabilities for cameras and may facilitate the placement of wired microrobotics.

Safe introduction of ancillary trocars.

The problem of laparoscopic entry is currently still unsolved, and despite the various techniques adopted by the surgical community, it has not yet been determined which is the correct access in all patients. Add to this the problem of safe ancillary port introduction; all surgeons must avoid vascular and visceral damage. The 2 most common problems with second port trocars are inferior and superior epigastric artery damage, and bowel loops and adhesions. Over the years, we have developed 2 steps that are very useful to avoid iatrogenic injuries to vessels and viscera. In this brief report, we explain the following 2 simple steps, called by the authors "yellow island" port entry and second trocar "tip entry guided" by a suction cannula. In our practice of more than 3400 conventional laparoscopies, with data from patients with different characteristics, surgeons who have introduced laparoscopic surgery into their daily practice might teach these steps to young fellows and trainees.

Laparoscopy and natural orifice surgery: first entry safety surveillance step.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We are sharing information regarding the surveillance of the first entrance port in laparoscopic and natural orifice transvaginal endoscopy surgeries. However, we are not analyzing techniques or other surgical findings. METHOD: In this study, 160 women with previous abdominal pelvic surgeries underwent laparoscopic surgery, 145 patients underwent transvaginal Minilaparoscopy Assisted Natural Orifice Surgery (hybrid), and 3 patients underwent pure natural orifice transvaginal endoscopic surgery (pure). For those patients who had laparoscopy and hybrid procedures, the surveillance was from a laparoscope or gastroscope placed in a secondary port. Surveillance in pure cases was done using a gastroscopic retro view to see the pouch of Douglas. RESULTS: The laparoscopic procedures were gynecological procedures. The hybrid procedures included gynecological procedures as well as appendectomies and cholecystectomies; the pure procedures were cholecystectomies. There were a few minor vascular and bowel injuries in the laparoscopy group. There were no injuries in the transvaginal hybrid or pure procedures groups. CONCLUSION: The surveillance of the first entrance port can be an effective precautionary step. The cumulative experience suggests that using such surveillance in cases involving patients with prior surgery may assist in recognizing complications that might otherwise be missed.

Laparoscopy rein and a backward needle entrance.

Since the awakening of single-port laparoscopy and culdolaparoscopy and with the increased interest in minilaparoscopy-assisted natural orifice surgery and pure natural orifice peritoneoscopy, laparoscopists are in pursuit of techniques with less percutaneous assistance. We made a rein using a 6-cm straight cutting edge needle in a 2-0 nylon suture with a large clip tied near the end as stoppage. We are also presenting an optional technique of placing the 6-cm straight needle backward, when the diameter of the cannula does not allow the parallel passage of the needle holder. The rein is simple, inexpensive, and easy to assemble, and may solve some problems of traction and triangulation without additional ports.

Transvaginal single port cholecystectomy.

BACKGROUND: Transvaginal cholecystectomy encourages researchers to develop new hybrid or pure techniques for natural orifice surgery. We present an approach that combines flexible endoscopes, rigid instruments, and percutaneous needles. METHODS: A 26-year-old female patient with cholelithiasis underwent a single-port culdolaparoscopy cholecystectomy at "Hospital Regional Poza Rica" (Poza Rica, Mexico) on July 2008. The surgery was performed with only 1 transvaginal 16 mm in diameter by 32 cm in length port. The instruments included a gastroscope, laparoscopic 5 mm in diameter by 43 cm in length instruments, percutaneous reins, and hook needle. RESULTS: The patient was discharged 24 hours after surgery, which is customary for the hospital, without pain or visible scars. CONCLUSIONS: Single transvaginal port cholecystectomy using a gastroscope and laparoscopic 5 mm instruments in a parallel path is a feasible procedure in selected patients. This technique requires no abdominal ports assistance.

Secured independent tools in peritoneoscopy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Secured independent tools are being introduced to aid in peritoneoscopy. We present a simple technique for anchoring instruments, powered lights, and micro machines through the abdominal wall. METHODS: We used a laparoscopic trainer, micro alligator clips with one or two 2-0 nylon tails and cables for engines and lights. The above instruments were introduced via a 12-mm or 15-mm port. Clips were placed for traction, retraction and exposure, lights for illumination, and motors for potential work. A laparoscopy port closure or suture passer was introduced percutaneously to grab and extract the tails or cables outside of the simulated abdominal cavity. The engines and lights were powered by a direct electric current (DC) plugged into exteriorized cables. RESULTS: We used 2 to 3 clips for each, and engines performed well. CONCLUSION: This basic simulation adds independent instruments, lights, and engines. We replaced cannulas with threads or cables in an attempt to limit the number of ports. This technique further opens the door for innovations in wired machines in laparoscopy, single-port laparoscopy, or natural orifice surgery.

Postoperative patient attitudes and perceptions of transvaginal cholecystectomy.

A survey was conducted in order to dispel misconceptions about natural orifice transvaginal cholecystectomy. Forty-two patients were surveyed after having undergone that procedure. Those patients were asked questions related to 1) patient satisfaction, 2) whether they would recommend the procedure to others, and 3) dyspaurenia. The survey was done after a sexual abstinence period that varied from 30 to 40 days. We encountered no complications, and all patients liked the procedure and would recommend it to family and friends. No patient developed dyspaurenia. The postoperative responses were unanimous and positive for all questions. The result of this postoperative transvaginal cholecystectomy survey will help patients and surgeons ease their fears and social taboos and better communicate, and this will help patients to become aware of the option of transvaginal peritoneoscopy.

Transvaginal cholecystectomy without abdominal ports.

BACKGROUND: Pioneers in natural orifice transvaginal cholecystectomy are in search of an approach that uses less percutaneous assistance. The approach must be safe and affordable. The authors present a successful cholecystectomy using a technique of transvaginal operative laparoscopy with no abdominal ports. METHODS: A 24-year-old female patient with gallbladder lithiasis underwent a natural orifice cholecystectomy with only one transvaginal 12-mm port, using a laparoscope with a working channel. We used laparoscopic instruments 5 mm in diameter by 43cm in length (including a needle holder, Maryland dissector clamp, spatula, hook, suction cannula, and clip applier) and assistance with percutaneous marionette leashes. RESULTS: The patient stayed in the hospital for 24 hours and was discharged without pain and without scars. CONCLUSION: Transvaginal cholecystectomy performed using an operative laparoscope with a working channel is possible in select cases. This technique requires no abdominal ports and is an alternative to culdolaparoscopy or hybrid transvaginal procedures with flexible endoscopes.