Subject(s)
Betacoronavirus , Carbon Dioxide/adverse effects , Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control , Masks/adverse effects , Pandemics/prevention & control , Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control , Work of Breathing/physiology , COVID-19 , Carbon Dioxide/metabolism , Dyspnea/etiology , Equipment Design , Headache/etiology , Humans , Irritable Mood , SARS-CoV-2 , SweatingABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Although posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and chronic pain frequently occur in tandem, the pathophysiological mechanisms mediating this comorbidity are poorly understood. Because excessive inflammation occurs in both conditions, we examined the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of inflammatory response mediators interleukin 1-beta (IL-1ß), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) after prolonged suprathreshold pain stimulus in 21 male combat veterans; 10 with PTSD and 11 combat controls (CC). METHODS: After completing baseline quantitative sensory testing (QST) and psychological profiling, all patients received an injection of capsaicin into the quadriceps muscle. Spontaneously reported pain was measured for 30min after the capsaicin injection. The evoked pain measure of temporal summation was tested between 70 and 110min post capsaicin injection. Inflammatory (IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8 TNFα) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) CSF cytokines were measured before (baseline) and after capsaicin injection over a time frame of 110min. RESULTS: Following intramuscular capsaicin injection, pro-inflammatory cytokines [TNFα, IL-6, IL-8] significantly increased (percent rise from baseline) in both groups, whereas IL-1ß significantly increased in the PTSD group only. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 showed an immediate (within 10min) increase in the CC group; however, the IL-10 increase in the PTSD group was delayed and not consistently elevated until 70min post injection. CONCLUSION: These findings show significant central nervous system (CNS) differences in the inflammatory response to a deep pain stimulus in combat veterans with and without PTSD. They support the concept that abnormally elevated neuroinflammatory response to pain stimuli may be one CNS mechanism accounting for the high co-occurrence of PTSD and pain.
Subject(s)
Combat Disorders/cerebrospinal fluid , Interleukin-6/cerebrospinal fluid , Interleukin-8/cerebrospinal fluid , Nociceptive Pain/cerebrospinal fluid , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/cerebrospinal fluid , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/cerebrospinal fluid , Veterans , Adult , Afghan Campaign 2001- , Humans , Iraq War, 2003-2011 , Male , Young AdultABSTRACT
We report two occurrences of high-grade tears of the lateral collateral ligament complex (LCLC), consisting of the anterolateral ligament (ALL) and fibular collateral ligament (FCL). One injury occurred in a rock climber and the other in a martial artist. Increasing awareness of isolated injuries of the LCLC will allow for appropriate diagnosis and management. We review and discuss the anatomy of the LCLC, the unique mechanism of isolated injury, as well as physical and imaging examination findings.
