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1.
BMC Genet ; 2: 18, 2001.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11722794

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Glaucoma is a blinding disease usually associated with high intraocular pressure (IOP). In some families, abnormal anterior segment development contributes to glaucoma. The genes causing anterior segment dysgenesis and glaucoma in most of these families are not identified and the affected developmental processes are poorly understood. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) participate in various developmental processes. We tested the importance of Bmp4 gene dosage for ocular development and developmental glaucoma. RESULTS: Bmp4+/- mice have anterior segment abnormalities including malformed, absent or blocked trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal drainage structures. Mice with severe drainage structure abnormalities, over 80% or more of their angle's extent, have elevated IOP. The penetrance and severity of abnormalities is strongly influenced by genetic background, being most severe on the C57BL/6J background and absent on some other backgrounds. On the C57BL/6J background there is also persistence of the hyaloid vasculature, diminished numbers of inner retinal cells, and absence of the optic nerve. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that heterozygous deficiency of BMP4 results in anterior segment dysgenesis and elevated IOP. The abnormalities are similar to those in human patients with developmental glaucoma. Thus, BMP4 is a strong candidate to contribute to Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly and other developmental conditions associated with human glaucoma. BMP4 also participates in posterior segment development and wild-type levels are usually critical for optic nerve development on the C57BL/6J background. Bmp4+/- mice are useful for studying various components of ocular development, and may allow identification of strain specific modifiers affecting a variety of ocular phenotypes.


Subject(s)
Anterior Eye Segment/growth & development , Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/genetics , Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/physiology , Intraocular Pressure , Ocular Hypertension/etiology , Animals , Anterior Eye Segment/abnormalities , Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 , Electroretinography , Eye Abnormalities/etiology , Eye Abnormalities/pathology , Gene Dosage , Heterozygote , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Ocular Hypertension/pathology , Optic Nerve/growth & development , Phenotype , Retinal Vessels/growth & development
2.
Environ Sci Technol ; 35(19): 3869-76, 2001 Oct 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11642446

ABSTRACT

The nature and chlorine reactivity of organic constituents in reclaimed water (tertiary-treated municipal wastewater) before, during, and after recharge into groundwater at the Montebello Forebay in Los Angeles County, CA, was the focus of this study. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in reclaimed water from this site is primarily a mixture of aromatic sulfonates from anionic surfactant degradation, N-acetyl amino sugars and proteins from bacterial activity, and natural fulvic acid, whereas DOM from native groundwaters in the aquifer to which reclaimed water was recharged consists of natural fulvic acids. The hydrophilic neutral N-acetyl amino sugars that constitute 40% of the DOM in reclaimed water are removed during the first 3 m of vertical infiltration in the recharge basin. Groundwater age dating with 3H and 3He isotopes, and determinations of organic and inorganic C isotopes, enabled clear differentiation of recent recharged water from older native groundwater. Phenol structures in natural fulvic acids in DOM isolated from groundwater produced significant trihalomethanes (THM) and total organic halogen (TOX) yields upon chlorination, and these structures also were responsible for the enhanced SUVA and specific fluorescence characteristics relative to DOM in reclaimed water. Aromatic sulfonates and fulvic acids in reclaimed water DOM produced minimal THM and TOX yields.


Subject(s)
Chlorine Compounds/chemistry , Waste Disposal, Fluid , Water Purification , Water Supply , Amino Acids/chemistry , Chlorine Compounds/analysis , Conservation of Natural Resources , Environmental Monitoring , Halogens/chemistry , Organic Chemicals/analysis , Soil Pollutants , Trihalomethanes/analysis , Trihalomethanes/chemistry
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