Dysregulation of different modes of programmed cell death by epigenetic modifications and their role in cancer.

Modifications of epigenetic factors affect our lives and can give important information regarding one's state of health. In cancer, epigenetic modifications play a crucial role, as they influence various programmed cell death types. The purpose of this review is to investigate how epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs, influence various cell death processes in suppressing or promoting cancer development. Autophagy and apoptosis are the most investigated programmed cell death modes, as based on the tumor stage these cell death types can either promote or prevent cancer evolution. Therefore, our discussion focuses on how epigenetic modifications affect autophagy and apoptosis, as well as their diagnostic and therapeutical potential in combination with available chemotherapeutics. Additionally, we summarize the available data regarding the role of epigenetic modifications on other programmed cell death modes, such as ferroptosis, necroptosis, and parthanatos in cancer and discuss current advancements.

Comparative Evaluation of Hardness and Energy Absorption of Some Commercially Available Chairside Silicone-Based Soft Denture Liners and a Heat-Cured Soft Denture Liner.

Aim: To investigate the hardness and energy absorption of four commercially available chairside types of silicone materials and compare their properties with heat-cured silicone material. Materials: The chairside materials investigated were GC reline soft, mucopren soft, sofreliner soft and elite soft relining. The heat-cured polymer silicone material was Molloplast B. All soft lining materials were processed according to manufacturers' instructions. Two properties were investigated. Ten specimens for each test were prepared for each soft liner except for the water absorption and solubility test, for which only five specimens were prepared. The specimens of energy absorption (10 × 10 × 3 mm) were tested using a Lloyd instruments testing machine. Hardness specimens (38 × 38 × 3) were tested using a shore A durometer and were divided into two subgroups; dry and wet storage. Results: The specimens of energy absorption (10 × 10 × 3 mm) were tested using a Lloyd instruments testing machine. Sofreliner soft was significantly softer than Molloplast B. GC reline soft was significantly harder than molloplast B. At high loads, sofreliner soft and elite soft relining was significantly more resilient than molloplast B. Mucopren soft was significantly stiffer than Molloplast B. At low loads, all materials showed similarities in stiffness and resilience; the difference between them was insignificant. After one month of immersion, GC reline and mucopren significantly increased hardness values. Conclusion: In all conditions and at all four-time points, the hardness values for GC Reline soft were the greatest, and hardness values for Sofreliner Soft were the least. Some chairside soft denture lining materials could have similar significant properties to molloplast-B, such as sofreliner soft and elite.

Adnexal Torsion: Review of Radiologic Appearances.

Adnexal torsion is the twisting of the ovary, and often of the fallopian tube, on its ligamental supports, resulting in vascular compromise and ovarian infarction. The definitive management is surgical detorsion, and prompt diagnosis facilitates preservation of the ovary, which is particularly important because this condition predominantly affects premenopausal women. The majority of patients present with severe acute pain, vomiting, and a surgical abdomen, and the diagnosis is often made clinically with corroborative US. However, the symptoms of adnexal torsion can be variable and nonspecific, making an early diagnosis challenging unless this condition is clinically suspected. When adnexal torsion is not clinically suspected, CT or MRI may be performed. Imaging has an important role in identifying adnexal torsion and accelerating definitive treatment, particularly in cases in which the diagnosis is not an early consideration. Several imaging features are characteristic of adnexal torsion and can be seen to varying degrees across different modalities: a massive, edematous ovary migrated to the midline; peripherally displaced ovarian follicles resembling a string of pearls; a benign ovarian lesion acting as a lead mass; surrounding inflammatory change or free fluid; and the uterus pulled toward the side of the affected ovary. Hemorrhage and absence of internal flow or enhancement are suggestive of ovarian infarction. Pertinent conditions to consider in the differential diagnosis are a ruptured hemorrhagic ovarian cyst, massive ovarian edema, ovarian hyperstimulation, and a degenerating leiomyoma. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2021.

Gender distribution in psychiatry journals' editorial boards worldwide.

Gender disparity has been documented in advanced doctoral degrees, research, and academic positions, and therefore, it can logically be deduced that the gender disparity would be found in journals' editorial boards. In this study, we sought to determine the gender distribution in editorial boards of psychiatry journals worldwide. We also studied the academic achievements of editorial board members by comparing professional background, education level, and research productivity indices. We analyzed the gender of editorial members of 119 psychiatry journals from Clarivate Analytics' Journal Citation Reports. Our data included 8423 editorial board members from which we randomly selected 10% editorial board members to represent the full sample for further analyses. Overall, women represented 30.4% of editorial board and approximately 30% in each category: (1) Editor-in-chief/deputies, (2) Associate/section editors, (3) Editorial board*, and (4) Advisory board. The majority (65%) of men were M.D. psychiatrists, and women (58%) were Ph.D. psychologists. Women in editorial leadership positions (Category 1 & 2) were correlated with fewer women in editorial or advisory boards. Women had half the mean number of publications than men while serving journals with approximately the same mean impact factor. Our study results show that, besides gender disparity, gender bias does not exist in the psychiatry journal editorial boards. Given the implication of the editorial board position on science, academic advancement, and networking, this disparity remains detrimental to achieving equity, diversity, and inclusion in academic psychiatry.

Bibliometric analysis of manuscript characteristics that influence citations: A comparison of six major psychiatry journals.

In this study we investigated the characteristics of psychiatry manuscript that influence its citation rate. We conducted a cross-sectional study of published articles (n = 545), from January to June 2007, from 6 major psychiatry journals with the highest 5-year impact-factor. Citation count for these articles was retrieved from Web Of Science (by Clarivate Analytics) and 22 article characteristics were tabulated manually. We then predicted the citation rate by performing univariate analysis, spearman rank-order correlation, and multiple regression model on the collected variables. Using spearman rank-order correlation, we found the following variables to have significant positive correlation with citations: abstract character count (rs and p-value, 0.22 and 0.001 respectively), number of references (0.2, 0.01), abstract word count (0.17, 0.0005), number of pages (0.15, 0.003), open access (0.06, 0.05), study design reported in title (0.04, 0.0001), total number of words (0.03, 0.01) and structured abstract (0.03, 0.0009). In a multivariate linear regression model, the following variables predicted increased citation rates (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.38): reporting of study design in title, structured abstract and open access. Editors and authors of psychiatry journals can improve the impact of their journals and articles by utilizing this bibliometric study when assembling their manuscript.

Neuroimaging in Psychiatric Disorders: A Bibliometric Analysis of the 100 Most Highly Cited Articles.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Extensive research has been conducted to find neuroimaging biomarkers for psychiatric disorders. This study aimed at identifying trends of the 100 most highly cited articles on neuroimaging in primary psychiatric disorders. METHODS: The most highly cited original research articles were identified and analyzed, following searches of MEDLINE and Web of Science All Databases. RESULTS: The top 100 articles ranked by yearly citation (from 137.5 to 31.1) were published between 1989 and 2017. Depressive disorders (30 articles), schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders (27), autism spectrum disorder (17), substance-related and addictive disorders (7), and post-traumatic stress disorder (7) were among the most studied conditions. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (42), structural magnetic resonance imaging (30), and positron emission tomography (22) were the most utilized neuroimaging modalities. While 85 articles investigated the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders (including 7 focusing on developmental changes and 1 on genetic susceptibility), 15 articles studied the impact of treatment, including antidepressants (6), deep brain stimulation (4), antipsychotics (3), behavior therapy (3), and exercise (1). The analysis also identified the most contributing authors, countries (the United States: 71 articles, the United Kingdom: 8, Canada: 5, and China: 5), and journals (JAMA Psychiatry: 20 articles and Biological Psychiatry: 17). Ninety-eight studies were prospective, and two were retrospective. The sample size ranged from 3 to 1,188 (median: 21). CONCLUSIONS: Our study identified intellectual milestones in the utility of neuroimaging in investigating primary psychiatric disorders. The historic trends could help guide future research in this field.

Effects of dietary chitosan on growth, lipid metabolism, immune response and antioxidant-related gene expression in Misgurnus anguillicaudatus.

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of dietary chitosan supplementation on growth performance, lipid metabolism, gut microbial, antioxidant status and immune responses of juvenile loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). Five experimental diets were formulated to contain graded levels of chitosan (0 (control), 0.5, 1, 2 and 5% CHI) for 50 days. Results of the present study showed that body weight gain was significantly higher in fish fed chitosan supplemented diets in dose dependent manner than control group. Increasing dietary chitosan levels reduced gut lipid content. Meanwhile the mRNA expression levels of intestine lipoprotein lipase and fatty acid binding protein 2 were significantly reduced with incremental dietary chitosan level. The percentages of total monounsaturated fatty acid decreased, while polyunsaturated fatty acid increased with dietary chitosan. The fish fed 0.5% CHI had higher mucus lysozyme activity (LZM) than those fed 0% CHI, but the LZM activity was significantly decreased with advancing chitosan supplement. The expression levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase revealed a similar trend, where the highest expressions were found in fish fed 5% CHI diet. In the term of intestine microbiota between 0 and 1% CHI groups, the proportion of bacteria in the phylum Bacteroidetes increased, whereas the proportion of bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes decreased as the fish supplemented chitosan. In conclusion, supplementation of chitosan improved growth performance, antioxidant status and immunological responses in loach.

Evaluation of respiratory and cardiac motion correction schemes in dual gated PET/CT cardiac imaging.

PURPOSE: Cardiac imaging suffers from both respiratory and cardiac motion. One of the proposed solutions involves double gated acquisitions. Although such an approach may lead to both respiratory and cardiac motion compensation there are issues associated with (a) the combination of data from cardiac and respiratory motion bins, and (b) poor statistical quality images as a result of using only part of the acquired data. The main objective of this work was to evaluate different schemes of combining binned data in order to identify the best strategy to reconstruct motion free cardiac images from dual gated positron emission tomography (PET) acquisitions. METHODS: A digital phantom study as well as seven human studies were used in this evaluation. PET data were acquired in list mode (LM). A real-time position management system and an electrocardiogram device were used to provide the respiratory and cardiac motion triggers registered within the LM file. Acquired data were subsequently binned considering four and six cardiac gates, or the diastole only in combination with eight respiratory amplitude gates. PET images were corrected for attenuation, but no randoms nor scatter corrections were included. Reconstructed images from each of the bins considered above were subsequently used in combination with an affine or an elastic registration algorithm to derive transformation parameters allowing the combination of all acquired data in a particular position in the cardiac and respiratory cycles. Images were assessed in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast, image profile, coefficient-of-variation (COV), and relative difference of the recovered activity concentration. RESULTS: Regardless of the considered motion compensation strategy, the nonrigid motion model performed better than the affine model, leading to higher SNR and contrast combined with a lower COV. Nevertheless, when compensating for respiration only, no statistically significant differences were observed in the performance of the two motion models considered. Superior image SNR and contrast were seen using the affine respiratory motion model in combination with the diastole cardiac bin in comparison to the use of the whole cardiac cycle. In contrast, when simultaneously correcting for cardiac beating and respiration, the elastic respiratory motion model outperformed the affine model. In this context, four cardiac bins associated with eight respiratory amplitude bins seemed to be adequate. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the compensation of respiratory motion effects only, both affine and elastic based approaches led to an accurate resizing and positioning of the myocardium. The use of the diastolic phase combined with an affine model based respiratory motion correction may therefore be a simple approach leading to significant quality improvements in cardiac PET imaging. However, the best performance was obtained with the combined correction for both cardiac and respiratory movements considering all the dual-gated bins independently through the use of an elastic model based motion compensation.

Regular consumption of Nile river fish could ameliorate the low milk DHA of Southern Sudanese women living in Khartoum City area.

We have reported that milk of Northern Sudanese women contained very low level of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This was puzzling since the mothers were not malnourished and some had claimed to eat fish from time to time. War-displaced Southern Sudanese live in Khartoum City and its vicinity. They are distinct in genetic background and traditional dietary culture from the Northerners. Milk DHA is influenced by diet and ethnicity. Fatty acid content of Southern Sudanese milk, and six of the popular River Nile fish species were evaluated. Mature milk compared with transition milk had lower arachidonic (AA, 0.6±0.19 vs. 0.75±0.3; p<0.001), adrenic (0.14±0.1 vs. 0.33±0.23), osbond (0.07±0.05 vs. 0.14±0.08; p<0.0001), eicosapentaenoic (0.04±0.02 vs.0.08±0.07; p<0.01) and DHA (0.10±0.07 vs. 0.16±0.1; p=0.003) acids. The milk of the Southerners like their counterparts from the North had low DHA and total n-3 and high AA and total n-6 levels. Regular consumption of the local fish could provide adequate DHA to help enrich their milk.

Nanostructured Si-nanowire microarrays for enhanced-performance bio-analytics.

We demonstrate the fabrication of a novel platform based on Si nanowire arrays integrated with a programmable DNA-directed homogeneous-phase analyte-capture strategy for robust detection of bio-analytes. The nanofabrication process used, based on a combination of glancing-angle-deposition and metal-assisted-catalytic-etching, is capable of producing thousands of testing sites per chip, and the sites can be fabricated over entire wafers, with precise control of size and positioning, using conventional microelectronics technology. The analyte-capture strategy used eliminates the well-known interference of the heterogeneous-phase (substrate) with the capturing of analytes. We examine the effects of the nanoscale features of the substrates (nanowire porosity and clumping) on the coupling efficiency of analytes and show that the fabricated microarrays are robust, have high efficiency and capacity, and provide significantly enhanced signal-to-noise ratio detection.

Creation of nanostructures by interference lithography for modulation of cell behavior.

Emerging evidence of the striking differences that can be induced in the behavior of biological cells through topographical modulation of physically and chemically patterned nanostructured surfaces provides a great impetus for developing novel cellular-scale and sub-cellular-scale nanopatterned substrates and for employing them for exciting new applications in life and medical sciences and biotechnology. However, the lack of availability of cost-effective, large-surface-area nanofabricated substrates of appropriate dimensions and features has proved to be a major impediment for research in this area. Here, we demonstrate a simple and cost-effective method based on interference lithography to produce spatially precise and wide-surface-coverage silicon- and polymer-based nanostructures to study how cells react to nanoscale structures or surfaces.

Mimicking both petal and lotus effects on a single silicon substrate by tuning the wettability of nanostructured surfaces.

We describe a new method of fabricating large-area, highly scalable, "hybrid" superhydrophobic surfaces on silicon (Si) substrates with tunable, spatially selective adhesion behavior by controlling the morphologies of Si nanowire arrays. Gold (Au) nanoparticles were deposited on Si by glancing-angle deposition, followed by metal-assisted chemical etching of Si to form Si nanowire arrays. These surfaces were chemically modified and rendered hydrophobic by fluorosilane deposition. Au nanoparticles with different size distributions resulted in the synthesis of Si nanowires with very different morphologies (i.e., clumped and straight nanowire surfaces). The difference in nanowire morphology is attributed to capillary force-induced nanocohesion, which is due to the difference in nanowire porosity. The clumped nanowire surface demonstrated the lotus effect, and the straighter nanowires demonstrated the ability to pin water droplets while maintaining large contact angles (i.e., the petal effect). The high contact angles in both cases are explained by invoking the Cassie-Baxter wetting state. The high adhesion behavior of the straight nanowire surface may be explained by a combination of attractive van der Waals forces and capillary adhesion. We demonstrate the spatial patterning of both low- and high-adhesion superhydrophobicity on the same substrate by the simultaneous synthesis of clumped and straight silicon nanowires. The demonstration of hybrid superhydrophobic surfaces with spatially selective, tunable adhesion behavior on single substrates paves the way for future applications in microfluidic channels, substrates for biologically and chemically based analysis and detection where it is necessary to analyze a particular droplet in a defined location on a surface, and as a platform to study in situ chemical mixing and interfacial reactions of liquid pearls.

Interference lithographically defined and catalytically etched, large-area silicon nanocones from nanowires.

We report a simple and cost effective method for the synthesis of large-area, precisely located silicon nanocones from nanowires. The nanowires were obtained from our interference lithography and catalytic etching (IL-CE) method. We found that porous silicon was formed near the Au catalyst during the fabrication of the nanowires. The porous silicon exhibited enhanced oxidation ability when exposed to atmospheric conditions or in wet oxidation ambient. Very well located nanocones with uniform sharpness resulted when these oxidized nanowires were etched in 10% HF. Nanocones of different heights were obtained by varying the doping concentration of the silicon wafers. We believe this is a novel method of producing large-area, low cost, well defined nanocones from nanowires both in terms of the control of location and shape of the nanocones. A wide range of potential applications of the nanocone array can be found as a master copy for nanoimprinted polymer substrates for possible biomedical research; as a candidate for making sharp probes for scanning probe nanolithography; or as a building block for field emitting tips or photodetectors in electronic/optoelectronic applications.

A mathematical model to study the effect of hepatitis B virus vaccine and antivirus treatment among the Canadian Inuit population.

The prevalence of hepatitis B among the Canadian Inuit population is 4%. This study will use a mathematical model to compare the roles of vaccination and therapy to predict future prevalence and incidence among the Canadian Inuit population for the next 50 years. We applied a mathematical model developed by Medley et al. (Nat Med 7(5):619-624, 2001), combined with data on hepatitis B incidence, prevalence, and vaccination coverage, to predict trends of hepatitis B virus (HBV) among the Inuit population over the next 50 years. The current estimated prevalence of HBV is 6.04% and the incidence is 3.4/100,000 persons among Canadian Inuit. If HBV vaccination coverage levels of 47.2% remain unchanged, the prevalence of HBV will decrease to 1.91% and the incidence will decrease to 0.81/100,000 persons by 2058. If vaccination coverage levels are increased to 57.2%, the prevalence and incidence of HBV will decrease to 1.74% and 0.63/100,000 persons, respectively. If we increase both immunization and therapy by 10%, this will produce the greatest reduction in prevalence and incidence, to 1.56% and 0.54/100,000 persons, respectively. The combination of immunization and treatment programs seems to have the best result in decreasing the prevalence and incidence of HBV among the Inuit population.

Cadmium-induced ultramorphological and physiological changes in leaves of two transgenic cotton cultivars and their wild relative.

The present study describes cadmium-induced alterations in the leaves as well as at the whole plant level in two transgenic cotton cultivars (BR001 and GK30) and their wild relative (Coker 312) using both ultramorphological and physiological indices. With elevated levels of Cd (i.e. 10, 100, 1000 microM), the mean lengths of root, stem and leaf and leaf width as well as their fresh and dry biomasses linearly decreased over their respective controls. Moreover, root, stem and leaf water absorption capacities progressively stimulated, which were high in leaves followed by roots and stems. BR001 accumulated more cadmium followed by GK30 and Coker 312. Root and shoot cadmium uptakes were significantly and directly correlated with each other as well as with leaf, stem and root water absorption capacities. The ultrastructural modifications in leaf mesophyll cells were triggered with increase in Cd stress regime. They were more obvious in BR001 followed by GK30 and Coker 312. Changes in morphology of chloroplast, increase in number and size of starch grains as well as increase in number of plastoglobuli were the noticed qualitative effects of Cd on photosynthetic organ. Cd in the form of electron dense granules could be seen inside the vacuoles and attached to the cell walls in all these cultivars. From the present experiment, it can be well established that both apoplastic and symplastic bindings are involved in Cd detoxification in these cultivars. Absence of tonoplast invagination reveals that Cd toxic levels did not cause water stress in any cultivars. Additionally, these cultivars possess differential capabilities towards Cd accumulation and its sequestration.

Cadmium-induced functional and ultrastructural alterations in roots of two transgenic cotton cultivars.

The toxic effect of cadmium (Cd) at increasing concentrations was studied with special attention being given to the root morphological and ultrastructural changes in two transgenic cotton cultivars viz. BR001 and GK30 and their wild relative viz. Coker 312. In comparison to their respective controls, low concentration (10 and 100microM) of Cd greatly stimulated seed germination, while it was inhibited by highest concentration of Cd (1000microM) in case of two transgenic cultivars. However, in Coker 312 the seed germination percentage progressively decreased over the control at all Cd levels. Various physiological and morphological parameters of the root and whole plant in both transgenic cotton cultivars and their relative wild cotton genotype respond differently towards the Cd toxicity. Bioavailability of Cd was concentration-dependent where seedling root captured more Cd as compared to shoot. BR001 accumulated more Cd followed by GK30, while Coker 312 was less Cd accumulator. The ultrastructural modifications in the root tip cells of both the transgenic cotton cultivars and their wild relative were also dose-dependent. With the increase in Cd levels, the fine structures of their root cells also invariably changed. Increase in plasmolysis of the plasma membrane, greater number of nucleoli and vacuoles and enlarged vacuoles could be observed in both transgenic cotton cultivars. In comparison to them, Coker 312 showed relatively well developed ultrastructures of the root tips except enlarged vacuoles and greater number of mitochondria. Moreover, the accumulation of Cd in the form of electron dense granules and crystals both in vacuoles and attached to cell walls were visible in both transgenic cotton cultivars and their wild relative. These results suggest that both transgenic cotton cultivars and their wild relative cotton genotype responded positively towards Cd stress at seedling stage, the internal Cd-detoxification might be through apoplastic and symplastic binding. Moreover, as a whole BR001 proved to be sensitive whereas; GK30 and Coker 312 were found as tolerant.

Synthesis of silicon nanowires and nanofin arrays using interference lithography and catalytic etching.

We report results on the synthesis of silicon nanostructures that were fabricated using a combination of interference lithography and catalytic etching. With this technique, we were able to create nanostructures that are perfectly periodic over very large areas (1 cm(2) or more), where the cross-sectional shapes and the array ordering can be varied. Furthermore this technique can readily and independently control the sizes and spacings of the nanostructures down to spacings of 200 nm or less. These characteristics cannot be achieved using other known techniques.

Hepatitis C infection and survivals of liver transplant patients in Canada, 1997-2003.

INTRODUCTION: Liver transplantation is an important health and health care issue for Canadians. Very few studies have estimated the survival results among liver transplant patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Canada. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective cohort study to analyze 1- to 5-year survival rates among liver transplant patients, using Canadian Organ Replacement Registry data (1997-2003). Patients less than 19 years old were excluded from the study. The patients were categorized according to previous HCV infection status. The HCV-positive and HCV-negative groups were compared in the following characteristics: age group, gender, ethnicity, blood groups, donor type, pretransplantation medical status. Survival curves were plotted by Kaplan-Meier method. Stepwise regression model was applied to control the confounding impact related to gender, age, and HCV infection status. RESULTS: A total of 1842 liver transplant patients were included in the analysis. One-year survival rate for all patients was 85.4%. There were 319 HCV-positive recipients in the exposed group and 813 in the HCV-negative group. The HCV-positive and HCV-negative groups were comparable in age groups, ethnicity, ABO blood group, pretransplantation medical status, and donor organ type. The HCV-positive group had the higher male:female ratio (2.32:1) than the HCV-negative recipients (1.49:1) (Mantel Haenszel (MH) chi2 = 10.0311, P = .0015). There was no significant difference in 1-year survival rate between HCV-positive and HCV-negative groups, but the differences in the 2-year and 5-year survival rates were significant even after adjusting gender factor by stepwise regression analysis (MH chi2 = 4.4203, P = .0355). CONCLUSION: In Canada, the first-year survival rate is about 85.4%, which is comparable with other industrialized countries. The exaggerated survival disadvantage for HCV-positive recipients seems to be middle and long term, not short term.

Baboon corpus luteum: size and sex steroid secretion throughout the luteal phase.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the size of the baboon corpus luteum (CL) and levels of plasma P, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), and E2 in the ovarian vein draining it, the contralateral ovarian vein, and peripheral blood throughout the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Academic department of obstetrics and gynecology in a US medical school. ANIMAL(S): Corpora lutea from a cohort of 27 adult cycling baboons (Papio anubis). INTERVENTION(S): Timed luteectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The authors weighed 166 CL and measured plasma P, 17-OHP, and E(2) in the blood samples obtained at luteectomy. RESULT(S): Early luteal phase corpora lutea weighed 189.1 +/- 12.3 mg (mean +/- SEM); their weight significantly increased to 239.4 +/- 8.4 mg at mid luteal phase and significantly declined to 188.3 +/- 14.0 mg in late luteal phase. Plasma P draining the CL (134.4 +/- 20.5 ng/mL in early, 167.4 +/- 18.7 ng/mL in mid, and 126.4 +/- 23.4 ng/mL in late luteal phase) was significantly higher than that in contralateral ovarian (11.0 +/- 1.4 ng/mL) and peripheral plasma (7.1 +/- 0.9 ng/mL). Similarly, levels of both plasma 17-OHP (10.9 +/- 1.5 to 15.9 +/- 2.4 ng/mL) and E2 (1.6 +/- 0.2 to 2.6 +/- 0.6 ng/mL) draining the CL were significantly higher than those from the contralateral ovary and peripheral blood (17-OHP, 1.1 +/- 0.2 ng/mL; E2, 0.2 +/- 0.05 ng/mL). CONCLUSION(S): Largest in mid luteal phase, the baboon CL secretes P, 17-OHP, and E2 throughout the luteal phase, with the highest levels seen in the ovarian vein draining the CL in the mid compared with the early and late luteal phases.