An Overview of Trichobacteriosis (Trichomycosis): An Underdiagnosed Disease.

Trichobacteriosis (trichomycosis) is an asymptomatic infection at the axillary hair level caused by a bacterium of Corynebacterium spp. The aim of this study is to identify the clinical, epidemiological, and microbiological characteristics of previously reported cases. A review was conducted including the cases of trichomycosis (trichobacteriosis) reported in the PubMed database up to June 2023. Twenty-nine articles were included, involving 365 patients in total. A higher incidence was observed in men, representing 94% of the cases, most of which were in the age range of 20-50 years. The most frequently affected clinical topography was the axillar (90% of the cases). Most of the patients presented change in hair texture and bromhidrosis, some other frequent clinical manifestations were hyperhidrosis, hair color change, and cromhidrosis; 6% of the patients were asymptomatic. The etiological agent most frequently identified was Corynebacterium spp., the flavescens variety being the most prevalent. The most common form of treatment was shaving and topical clindamycin. In conclusion, trichobacteriosis is an infection that most frequently affects men at the axillary level; it manifests clinically with few symptoms and usually has a good response to treatment.

An optimized reverse ß-oxidation pathway to produce selected medium-chain fatty acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

BACKGROUND: Medium-chain fatty acids are molecules with applications in different industries and with growing demand. However, the current methods for their extraction are not environmentally sustainable. The reverse ß-oxidation pathway is an energy-efficient pathway that produces medium-chain fatty acids in microorganisms, and its use in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a broadly used industrial microorganism, is desired. However, the application of this pathway in this organism has so far either led to low titers or to the predominant production of short-chain fatty acids. RESULTS: We genetically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce the medium-chain fatty acids hexanoic and octanoic acid using novel variants of the reverse ß-oxidation pathway. We first knocked out glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase GPD2 in an alcohol dehydrogenases knock-out strain (△adh1-5) to increase the NADH availability for the pathway, which significantly increased the production of butyric acid (78 mg/L) and hexanoic acid (2 mg/L) when the pathway was expressed from a plasmid with BktB as thiolase. Then, we tested different enzymes for the subsequent pathway reactions: the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase PaaH1 increased hexanoic acid production to 33 mg/L, and the expression of enoyl-CoA hydratases Crt2 or Ech was critical to producing octanoic acid, reaching titers of 40 mg/L in both cases. In all cases, Ter from Treponema denticola was the preferred trans-enoyl-CoA reductase. The titers of hexanoic acid and octanoic acid were further increased to almost 75 mg/L and 60 mg/L, respectively, when the pathway expression cassette was integrated into the genome and the fermentation was performed in a highly buffered YPD medium. We also co-expressed a butyryl-CoA pathway variant to increase the butyryl-CoA pool and support the chain extension. However, this mainly increased the titers of butyric acid and only slightly increased that of hexanoic acid. Finally, we also tested the deletion of two potential medium-chain acyl-CoA depleting reactions catalyzed by the thioesterase Tes1 and the medium-chain fatty acyl CoA synthase Faa2. However, their deletion did not affect the production titers. CONCLUSIONS: By engineering the NADH metabolism and testing different reverse ß-oxidation pathway variants, we extended the product spectrum and obtained the highest titers of octanoic acid and hexanoic acid reported in S. cerevisiae. Product toxicity and enzyme specificity must be addressed for the industrial application of the pathway in this organism.

Obstructive jaundice secondary to duodenal diverticulum (Lemmel's syndrome) / Ictericia obstructiva secundaria a diverticulo duodenal (sindrome de lemmel)

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Ethyl acetate production by the elusive alcohol acetyltransferase from yeast.

Ethyl acetate is an industrially relevant ester that is currently produced exclusively through unsustainable processes. Many yeasts are able to produce ethyl acetate, but the main responsible enzyme has remained elusive, hampering the engineering of novel production strains. Here we describe the discovery of a new enzyme (Eat1) from the yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus that resulted in high ethyl acetate production when expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli. Purified Eat1 showed alcohol acetyltransferase activity with ethanol and acetyl-CoA. Homologs of eat1 are responsible for most ethyl acetate synthesis in known ethyl acetate-producing yeasts, including S. cerevisiae, and are only distantly related to known alcohol acetyltransferases. Eat1 is therefore proposed to compose a novel alcohol acetyltransferase family within the α/ß hydrolase superfamily. The discovery of this novel enzyme family is a crucial step towards the development of biobased ethyl acetate production and will also help in selecting improved S. cerevisiae brewing strains.

Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Adiposity, and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Schoolchildren: The FUPRECOL Study.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in schoolchildren. A secondary aim was to evaluate the degree of association between overall and abdominal adiposity and CRF in a total of 1,875 children and adolescents attending public schools. We expressed CRF performance as the nearest stage (minute) completed and the estimated peak oxygen consumption. A CVRF ( Z score) was calculated and participants were divided into tertiles according to low and high levels of overall (sum of the skinfold thicknesses) and abdominal adiposity. Schoolchildren with a high-level of overall adiposity demonstrated significant differences in seven of the 10 variables analyzed (i.e., systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, triglycerides/high density lipoproteins [HDL-c] ratio, total cholesterol, glucose, C-reactive protein [usCRP], HDL-c, low density lipoproteins [LDL-c], and cardiovascular risk score). Schoolchildren with high levels of both overall and abdominal adiposity and low CRF had the least favorable CVRF score.

Oculomicosis: una infección subestimada en Venezuela / Ocular mycosis: an underestimated infection in Venezuela

Venezuela, debido a su localización geográfica, clima y situación social, tiene el perfil para que las enfermedades oculares de origen fúngico se presenten. Aunque, en el país, la incidencia y prevalencia de las oculomicosis no ha sido suficientemente documentada, la mayoría de los oftalmólogos han tenido que atenderla en su consulta tanto pública como privada. La queratitis micótica es la forma más frecuente de presentación oftalmológica de las infecciones de origen fúngico que puede tener complicaciones irreversibles, incluso ceguera monocular, especialmente para aquellas personas que viven en comunidades agrícolas de países en vías de desarrollo. La enfermedad es fácilmente desapercibida, y los diagnósticos tardíos son comunes. Este hecho, hace que aumente las probabilidades de secuelas severas y la necesidad de intervenciones quirúrgicas. Los hongos filamentosos son los microorganismos causantes más frecuentemente asociados con traumatismos oculares o al uso de lentes de contacto. El propósito de este estudio, es presentar una revisión clínico-epidemiológica actualizada que incluye estrategias de tratamiento y diagnóstico de un problema subestimado en Venezuela e incentivar futuros estudios epidemiológicos con el objetivo de conocer los factores de riesgo asociados y medidas preventivas necesarias a ser implementadas en la región.

Due to its climate, geographical and social situation, Venezuela has the profile for fungal ocular diseases. Even though the incidence and prevalence of this ocular morbidity is undetermined in our country, most of the ophthalmologist have encountered the disease yearly in public or private practice. Fungal keratitis is the most frequent form of presentation of ocular mycosis, it can lead to irreversible complications and even monocular blindness, especially for people living in the agricultural communities of the developing world. The disease is easily overlooked or missed, and delayed diagnosis is common. This fact increases the likelihood of severe sequelae and surgical interventions. Filamentous fungi are most frequently the causative organism for fungal keratitis associated with ocular trauma or contact lens wear. The purpose of this study is to present a clinical-epidemiological review-update, which includes diagnosis and treatment strategies of this underestimated disease in Venezuela, as well as to encourage future epidemiological studies to recognize risk factors and preventive treatment in our region.

Tinea versicolor, tinea nigra, white piedra, and black piedra.

Superficial mycoses are fungal infections limited to the stratum corneum and its adnexal structures. The most frequent types are dermatophytoses or tineas. Tinea versicolor involves the skin in the form of hypochromic or hyperchromic plaques, and tinea nigra affects the skin of the palms with dark plaques. White piedra and black piedra are parasitic infections of scalp hairs in the form of concretions caused by fungal growth. Diagnosis of these mycoses is made from mycologic studies, direct examination, stains, and isolation, and identification of the fungi. Treatment includes systemic antifungals, topical antifungals, and keratolytics.

Sindrome de Sheehan: presentación de un caso

Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 46 años de edad, quien refiere un cuadro clínico de 18 años de evolución, que se inició posterior a su último parto, complicado con hemorragia profusa; manifestandose desde el inicio por agalactorrea y amenorrea secundaria. Posteriormente pérdida pailatina del vello axilar y pubiano. Desde hace 4 años se suma el cuadro somnolencia, sequedad de la piel y estreñimiento. Luego de realizar el estudio correspondiete se le establece el diagnóstico de Síndrome de Sheehan, cuadro patológico que se ve con poca frecuencia en nuestro medio, que amerita un estudio minucioso, para no ser confundido en ocasiones como afeccion de una glándula periférica.

Enfermedad de hodgkin (EH), a propósito de un caso / Illness de Hodgkin (HE), concerning a case

Este artículo lo presentamos a próposito de un caso de la Enfermedad de Hodgkin, estudiado en medicina mujeres II del Hospital de Clínicas, patología poco frecuente en nuestro medio. Se trata de una paciente de 81 años de edad procedente de Estonia que fué expuesta a radioactividad en el accidente de Chernobil.

Diagnóstico, tratamiento, complicaciones en pacientes diabeticos tipo 2, atendidos en la unidad de Boliven del Hospital de Clinicas año 2001 / Diagnosis, treatment and complications of patients with type II diabetes: Boliven unit 2001

Pregutna de Investigación. ¿Cuál es la condición física del paciente diabético tipo 2, que acude al control a BOLIVEN Hosp. de Clínicas, mediante la valoración de parametros antropometricos y bioquimicos, gestión 2001?. Objetivos. Determinar la condición física, las características antropométricas, complicaciones del apciente diabético tipo 2 consultante de la unidad de Endocrinología (NOLIVEN). Diseño. Serie de casos. Contexto. Unidad de Endocrinología Hosp. de Clínicas, consulta externa "BOLIVEN. La Paz-Bolivia. Pcientes. DE un universo de 909 pacientes se obtuvo la muestra de tipo probabilistico 180 pacientes con el diagnóstico de biabetes Mellitus tipo 2. Métodos. Se recolectarón los datos por técnica censal, los datos se obtuvieron porm edio del historial médico del aciente. Donde se cosntató la presencia de antecedentes heredofamiliares, edd, sexo, valores antropométricos como (peso, talla, índice de masa corporal); tensión anterial, tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad, glicemia, creatinina, tipo de medica-mento, así como la dosis y ajustes a éstos, interconsultas aservicios de apoyo. Se procedió al análisis de cada dato y posibles asociaciones entre ellas, se procedió al análisis estadístico en auna hoja de recolección. Resultados. La frecuencia de la enfermedad, conplicaicones crónicas se denota en el sexo femenino, existiendo repetidos cambios en el control del peso con tendencia a la obesidad. IMC: 26.6 Kgm2s. No se encontró en el historial la valoración de índice de cintura cadera. De los 180 pacientes , 16 por ciento cuentan con antecedentes heredofamiliares. El tratamiento fue modificado en 4 oportunidades en promedio por paciente 28 por ciento de pacientes llegaron a tener glicemias > a 180 mg dl 48 por ciento cuenta con antecedente de más de 5 años de la enfermedad y se asocia al mayor número de complicaicones crónicas.Coclusiones. Se determina que existe un adecuado control metabólico del paciente diabético; sin embargo, deberá mejorarse el tipo de registro médico, protocolizar la toma de parámetros antropométricos. Se debe seguir trabajando en la capacitación de personal médico y nombrar personal para el seguimiento y supervisión de los pacientes diabéticos en especial de aquellos con mayores riesgos.

Cancer de tiroides, estudio estadistico mediante puncion aspiracion con aguja fina / Fine reedle aspiration biopsy in thyroid cancer estatistical study

El trabajo a presentar es un estudio prospectivo, realizado en el Hospital de Clinicas de La Paz con el objetivo de cancer de tiroides. Se estudiarom 102 pacientes del sexo femenino a las cuales se les realizo en forma rutinaria ecografia, tiroidea, centellografia y dosificacion de T3-T4-TSH. De este grupo estudiado se individualizo a 42 pacientes (que cumplian los requisitos establecidos en el anterior articulo sobre el tema), para ser sometidas a la puncion biopsia como metodo diagnostico en el cancer tiroideo y/u otra patologia tiroidea asociada. Se evidencia que la fidelidad diagnostica en cancer de tiroides, con el metodo empleado es del 91,2 // con un margen de error que es del 9-9,5 // de todos los pacientes estudiados.