ABSTRACT
The use of insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides commonly occurs in mixtures in tanks in order to control phytosanitary problems in crops. However, there is no information regarding the effects of these mixtures on non-target organisms associated to the rice agroecosystem. The aim of this study was to know the toxicity of pesticide tank mixtures from rice crops against Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae). Based on the methods adapted from the International Organisation for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC), adults of T. podisi were exposed to residues of insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, individually or in mixture commonly used by growers, in laboratory and on rice plants in a greenhouse. The mixture between fungicides tebuconazole, triclyclazole, and azoxystrobin and the mixture between herbicides cyhalofop-butyl, imazethapyr, imazapyr/imazapic, and penoxsulam are harmless to T. podisi and can be used in irrigated rice crops without harming the natural biological control. The insecticides cypermethin, thiamethoxam, and bifenthrin/carbosulfan increase the toxicity of the mixtures in tank with herbicides and fungicides, being more toxic to T. podisi and less preferred for use in phytosanitary treatments in the rice crop protection.
Subject(s)
Hymenoptera , Insect Control , Oryza , Pesticides/toxicity , Animals , Butanes , NitrilesABSTRACT
La reactividad vascular medida a través de la Prueba del peso sostenido ha mostrado excelente correlación con el método convencional de diagnóstico de hipertensión arterial, pero no hay estudios que apoyen lo anterior desde el punto de vista hemodinámico. En este trabajo nos propusimos valorar las características ecocardiográficas de pacientes considerados normotensos por sus cifras basales de tensión arterial, pero con diferentes grados de reactividad vascular en la prueba del peso sostenido. Para lo cual se estudió a 60 individuos varones, blancos y jóvenes procedentes del municipio Santa Clara, que se dividieron en dos grupos: controles (30 casos) e hiperreactivos (30 casos), de acuerdo a la reactividad vascular en la prueba. Todos debían tener además, al momento de iniciar la Prueba del peso sostenido, valores normales de presión arterial en reposo. A la totalidad de los pacientes se les realizó estudio ecocardiográfico para estimar su estado hemodinámico. Se pudo comprobar que los pacientes clasificados como hiperreactivos se caracterizaron por tener un índice de resistencia periférica total, índice de trabajo del ventrículo izquierdo por latido y estrés parietal telesistólico del ventrículo izquierdo significativamente superiores a los observados en los pacientes del grupo control. Se concluyó que los casos definidos como hipertensos por la Prueba del peso sostenido tienen un comportamiento hemodinámico compatible con el descrito en la hipertensión arterial esencial
The reactivity vascular measure through the Test of the sustained weight has shown excellent correlation with the conventional method of diagnostic of arterial hypertension, but there are not studies that support the above-mentioned from the hemodynamic point of view. In this work we intended to value the characteristic echocardiography of patients considered normal for their basal blood pressure, but with different grades of vascular reactivity in the Test of the sustained weight. For that which was studied 60 male, white and young individuals coming from the municipality Santa Clara that were divided in two groups: control (30 cases) and hyperreactives (30 cases), according to the vascular reactivity in the test. All should also have, to the moment to begin the Test of the sustained weight, value normal of arterial pressure in rest. To the entirety of the patients they were carried out study echocardiographic to estimate their hemodynamic state. It could be proven that the patients classified as hyperreactives were characterized to have, index of total peripheral resistance, stroke work index of the left ventricle and end-systolic wall stress significantly superior those observed in the patients of the group control. You concluded that the defined cases as hyperreactives for the Test of the sustained weight have a compatible hemodynamic behavior with the one described in the essential hypertension
Subject(s)
Male , Humans , Hypertension , Blood Pressure/physiology , Hemodynamics , Reactivity-Stability , Case-Control StudiesABSTRACT
In this paper, we report a method for isolation of high molecular weight DNA from Leishmania promastigotes. This technique is especially indicated for small-scale purification of DNA suitable for the construction of highly representative genomic libraries. In our protocol, lysis buffer is compatible with RNase treatment, avoiding an additional precipitation step and consequent shearing of DNA. In order to prove the quality of the DNA isolated by this method, a Leishmania braziliensis genomic library was constructed, and an L. braziliensis KMP-11 gene was cloned after screening the library with a heterologous probe.
Subject(s)
DNA, Protozoan/isolation & purification , Leishmania braziliensis/genetics , Animals , Bacteriophage lambda , DNA, Protozoan/chemistry , DNA, Protozoan/standards , Gene Library , Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics , Molecular Sequence Data , Molecular Weight , Protozoan Proteins/genetics , Restriction MappingABSTRACT
This report explains a rapid procedure (approximately 50 min) for the isolation of highly purified total RNA from Leishmania promastigotes based on extraction with acidic phenol. The simplicity of the manipulations required make this method ideal for processing multiple samples; the quality of the RNA obtained is suitable for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis.
Subject(s)
Leishmania , RNA, Protozoan/isolation & purification , Animals , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
In this work we demonstrate that the PCR-ELISA technique is sufficiently sensitive and specific for use as a diagnostic test in cases of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. DNA was extracted from cultures of Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania infantum, Leishmania tropica, Leishmania mexicana, Trypanosoma cruzi, and blood samples from individuals who presented a clinical diagnosis of leishmaniasis as well as from healthy individuals. The DNA was PCR amplified and the product obtained was hybridised with a biotin-labelled probe, the sequence of which was designed in our laboratory. The result of the hybridisation was visualised by means of an ELISA technique using antifluorescein antibody labelled with alkaline phosphatase and p-nitrophenylphosphate (pNFF) as chromogen. The optical density of the products of the pNFF hydrolysis was quantified in a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 405 nm. Using this technique the percentage of detection was 83.3% in blood samples from patients clinically diagnosed as having mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. No false positive results were obtained.
Subject(s)
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Leishmania braziliensis/isolation & purification , Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/diagnosis , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Animals , Colorimetry , DNA Probes , DNA, Kinetoplast/analysis , Humans , Leishmania braziliensis/genetics , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
This report constitutes the first well-documented case of symptomatic human babesiosis from a subtropical site, south of the 40th parallel. This paper describes the definitive identification of Babesia divergens infection in a splenectomized patient from the Canary Islands.
Subject(s)
Babesia/isolation & purification , Babesiosis/diagnosis , Adult , Animals , Atlantic Islands , Babesia/genetics , Babesiosis/parasitology , DNA, Ribosomal/blood , Humans , Male , Phylogeny , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Splenectomy , Tropical ClimateABSTRACT
The presence of anti-Toxocara antibodies in the human population of the Canarian Archipelago was studied by means of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with excretory/secretory antigen of infective-stage larva. A total of 14,074 were analyzed, resulting in the following distribution and prevalence by location: southern Tenerife 6,435 (2.5% positive), northern Tenerife 1,710 (6.7% positive), La Palma 1,214 (4.5% positive), La Gomera 264 (6.8% positive), El Hierro 204 (3.9% positive), Gran Canaria 2,875 (2.3% positive). Fuerteventura 277 (1.8% positive), and Lanzarote 1,095 (2.9% positive). The weighted average of the entire Archipelago was 3.4% positive. Neither age nor sex was found to be significantly associated with positive serology. The influence of the different Canarian mesoclimates on the spreading of this zoonosis is demonstrated, with significant differences being found between humid and arid islands. Likewise, a significant positive correlation was found between De Martonne's humidity-aridity index and percentage of people with evidence of parasite exposure on the different islands.
