Learning curve for the laparoscopy-guided kidney biopsy procedure in small corpses of dogs and pigs.

The use of renal biopsy through laparoscopy is increasingly present both in human and veterinary medicine. However, both techniques require skill and training to make the operator capable to do it. The learning curve allows the quantitative and qualitative assessment of the number of attempts and minimum time for the surgical procedure. The objective included establish the learning curve for laparoscopy-guided kidney biopsy procedures in dog and pig corpses. Six dogs and six pigs corpses weighing less than 10 kg were used for this study. All corpses underwent kidney biopsy performed through laparoscopy. Twenty-four operators, two per animal, performed 20 renal biopsies each (10 for each kidney), with 480 collection-procedures in total. Duration and difficulty of the procedure and the biopsy sample quality were evaluated and statistical analysis was performed using a mixed regression model with a random effect of individuals and multivariate analysis of data. There were 91.5% of the samples that were adequate for evaluation. There was no significant difference in the number of glomeruli or cortex percentage considering the attempts in either species, demonstrating the operator's ability since first collection. Swine samples showed higher amounts of renal cortex than canine samples. The procedure duration was shorter as more attempts were performed in dogs and pigs. From the fourth repetition, the professional reached a plateau for the variable related to 'collection', and from the second, the professional presented uniform duration for 'sample storage'. Operators of the swine model acquired more agility than the dog ones. The variable 'difficulty' decreased as more repetitions were performed, reaching a plateau in the sixth attempt. Seven renal biopsies laparoscopy-guided are required for an operator to be considered 'capable' to perform the procedure in the referred species included. The learning curve for image-guided kidney biopsy procedures improves the implementation of this technique and benefits patients that undergo this procedure.

Clinical effects of epidurally administered dexmedetomidine with or without lidocaine in sheep.

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were evaluate cardiopulmonary, sedative and antinociceptive effects of dexmedetomidine-lidocaine combination via lumbosacral epidural injection in sheep. METHODS: Six Santa Inês breed sheep, 16±6 months old and weighing 42.2 ± 5.7 kg were used. Sheep were subjected to epidural anaesthesia with three treatments: L, lidocaine (1.2 mg/kg), D, dexmedetomidine (2.5 µg/kg) or DL, dexmedetomidine plus lidocaine (2.5 µg/kg + 1.2 mg/kg). Drugs were injected via pre-placed lumbosacral epidural catheters. Cardiopulmonary, arterial blood gases, electrolytes, degree of sedation and antinociceptive aspects were measured before drug administration (T0) and then at 15, 30, 60 and 120 min after drug injection (T15-T120) in all treatments and at T0 to T240 in DL. RESULTS: There were significantly increases in PaCO2 at times T60 and T120 in D, and at T30-T120 in DL, compared to baseline. The antinociceptive effects were observed up to 240 min in DL and 60 min in L, and were more intense in DL. Treatment D provided analgesia only in the perineal region, and only at T15. CONCLUSION: The combination of DEX with lidocaine produced similar cardiopulmonary changes compared with either drug alone, but with greater and more prolonged antinociceptive effects.

Osteocondrite dissecante em equinos - revisão de literatura / Osteochondritis dissecans in horses

A osteocondrite dissecante (OCD) é definida pela deficiência no suprimento sanguíneo endocondral, sendo a principal consequência a falha na ossificação. Caracteriza-se pela presença de um fragmento osteocondral intra-articular que pode estar livre ou aderido ao osso subjacente. Esta fragmentação ocorre, após a paralisação do processo de ossificação, havendo desordem no rearranjo de condrócitos e necrose da camada basal do osso. A presença deste fragmento pode, causar irregularidade no ambiente articular, gerando uma osteoartrite secundária. Para diagnosticar a OCD, o método comumente utilizado é o exame radiográfico e o tratamento indicado é a retirada do fragmento.

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is defined by the deficiency in the endochondral blood supply, the main consequence being ossification failure. It is characterized by the presence of an intra-articular osteochondral fragment that may be free or adhered to the underlying bone. This fragmentation occurs after the stoppage of the ossification process and there is disorder in chondrocyte rearrangement and necrosis of the basal layer of the bone. The presence of this fragment can cause irregularity in the joint environment, generating secondary osteoarthritis. To diagnose OCD, the commonly used method is radiographic examination and the indicated treatment is removal of the fragment.

Osteocondrite dissecante em equinos - revisão de literatura / Osteochondritis dissecans in horses

A osteocondrite dissecante (OCD) é definida pela deficiência no suprimento sanguíneo endocondral, sendo a principal consequência a falha na ossificação. Caracteriza-se pela presença de um fragmento osteocondral intra-articular que pode estar livre ou aderido ao osso subjacente. Esta fragmentação ocorre, após a paralisação do processo de ossificação, havendo desordem no rearranjo de condrócitos e necrose da camada basal do osso. A presença deste fragmento pode, causar irregularidade no ambiente articular, gerando uma osteoartrite secundária. Para diagnosticar a OCD, o método comumente utilizado é o exame radiográfico e o tratamento indicado é a retirada do fragmento.(AU)

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is defined by the deficiency in the endochondral blood supply, the main consequence being ossification failure. It is characterized by the presence of an intra-articular osteochondral fragment that may be free or adhered to the underlying bone. This fragmentation occurs after the stoppage of the ossification process and there is disorder in chondrocyte rearrangement and necrosis of the basal layer of the bone. The presence of this fragment can cause irregularity in the joint environment, generating secondary osteoarthritis. To diagnose OCD, the commonly used method is radiographic examination and the indicated treatment is removal of the fragment.(AU)