ABSTRACT
The microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) regulates the reciprocal interaction between chronic inflammatory bowel and psychiatric disorders. This interaction involves multiple pathways that are highly debated. We examined the behavioural, biochemical and electrophysiological alterations, as well as gut microbiota composition in a model of antibiotic-induced experimental dysbiosis. Inflammation of the small intestine was also assessed. Mice were exposed to a mixture of antimicrobials for 2weeks. Afterwards, they received Lactobacillus casei DG (LCDG) or a vehicle for up to 7days via oral gavage. Perturbation of microbiota was accompanied by a general inflammatory state and alteration of some endocannabinoidome members in the gut. Behavioural changes, including increased immobility in the tail suspension test and reduced social recognition were observed, and were associated with altered BDNF/TrkB signalling, TRPV1 phosphorylation and neuronal firing in the hippocampus. Moreover, morphological rearrangements of non-neuronal cells in brain areas controlling emotional behaviour were detected. Subsequent probiotic administration, compared with vehicle, counteracted most of these gut inflammatory, behavioural, biochemical and functional alterations. Interestingly, levels of Lachnospiraceae were found to significantly correlate with the behavioural changes observed in dysbiotic mice. Our findings clarify some of the biomolecular and functional modifications leading to the development of affective disorders associated with gut microbiota alterations.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Depression/microbiology , Endocannabinoids/metabolism , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects , Hippocampus/metabolism , Inflammation/microbiology , Neuroglia/metabolism , Animals , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism , Depression/metabolism , Dysbiosis/complications , Dysbiosis/metabolism , Dysbiosis/microbiology , Hippocampus/drug effects , Inflammation/complications , Inflammation/metabolism , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Intestines/drug effects , Intestines/microbiology , Male , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Neuroglia/drug effects , Neurons/drug effects , Neurons/metabolism , Probiotics/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Secondary pneumothorax represents a challenging problem in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, due to their compromised health status. In this case, an endobronchial one-way valve was inserted in the left lower lobe by flexible bronchoscopy, resulting in a complete resolution of air leak and lung reexpansion. Endobronchial valve could represent a new option for the management of persistent air leak in patients not suitable for surgical procedures.
Subject(s)
Bronchoscopy , Myocardial Infarction/complications , Pneumothorax/surgery , Prostheses and Implants , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/complications , Subcutaneous Emphysema/surgery , Aged , Bronchi/surgery , Fatal Outcome , Humans , Male , Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures , Pneumothorax/diagnosis , Recurrence , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness Index , Subcutaneous Emphysema/etiologyABSTRACT
The mediastinal lines visible at conventional radiography represent the interfaces between the mediastinum and adjacent lung parenchyma. Preservation, obliteration, thickening and distortion of these lines represent the key to detecting and localising mediastinal abnormalities on chest radiographs. The learning objectives of this review are to: illustrate radiographic anatomy of the mediastinum with particular attention to mediastinal lines; describe radiographic signs that allow identification of mediastinal abnormalities that are difficult to detect on conventional chest radiographs; describe findings that help localise abnormalities in the anterior, middle or posterior mediastinum. The anterior junction line obliteration, the hilum overlay sign, the preservation of the posterior mediastinal lines and the silhouette sign with the right cardiac border are radiographic signs that allow identification and localisation of anterior mediastinal lesions. Widening of the right paratracheal stripe, distortion of the azygo-oesophageal recess and the convex border of the aortopulmonary window indicate the presence of a middle mediastinal abnormality. Thickening, distortion or disruption of paraortic and paraspinal lines and posterior junction line obliteration are caused by posterior mediastinal lesions. Knowledge of normal radiographic mediastinal anatomy and mediastinal lines is crucial to identifying subtle mediastinal abnormalities that can be easily missed on conventional radiography. Moreover, this approach allows identification of the involved mediastinal compartment on chest radiographs, thereby directing the most appropriate further diagnostic workup.
Subject(s)
Mediastinal Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Mediastinal Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Mediastinum/diagnostic imaging , Radiography, Thoracic , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Lung/diagnostic imaging , Male , Mediastinum/anatomy & histology , Middle AgedABSTRACT
A rare case of gastric schwannoma is reported. A 36-year-old woman whose endoscopy showed a mucosa tumor, biopsy findings were suggestive for leiomyoma. Diagnosis was made only with postoperative histology that revealed the benign schwannoma. Immunohistochemical staining showed positivity for S-100 protein and the neuron specific enolase, schwannoma is often associated with Von Recklinghausen's disease. Surgical resection is recommended as their malignant potentiality. Gastric and small intestine localizations are often with bleeding. They also represent almost the 24% of all gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) and the 4% of all primary retroperitoneal tumors.
Subject(s)
Neurilemmoma/surgery , Stomach Neoplasms/surgery , Adult , Female , Humans , Neurilemmoma/diagnosis , Neurilemmoma/pathology , Stomach/pathology , Stomach Neoplasms/diagnosis , Stomach Neoplasms/pathologyABSTRACT
The effects of dantrolene sodium were evaluated in vitro using the guinea pig detrusor muscle preparation. Dantrolene reversibly decreased the strength of the responses of the detrusor to acetylcholine and histamine. The drug seems to depress the detrusor muscle of the bladder as it does others smooth muscles.