The still-face paradigm in Latin American mother-child dyads at 2 and 3 years: Effects of socioeconomic status and temperament.

The still-face paradigm (SFP) is a common method in infancy used to assess emotion regulation and interactions when an adult (typically the caregiver) abruptly stops a positive interaction with a child and switches to a more neutral affect. The effect of this paradigm has been studied in different countries and age ranges, but research in Latin America and with toddlers (e.g., 2-3 years old) of different socioeconomic backgrounds is scarce. The current study analyzed caregiver-child interactions in this novel sample, to analyze the possibility of generalization of the typical response of this paradigm (i.e., less positive affect, reduced gaze, and more negative affect in children when parent affect changes). The sample consisted of 114 caregiver-child dyads from low to middle socioeconomic status (SES) (children's Mage = 26.61 months, SD = 6.73, range = 18-36; 61 girls). The SFP modified version (i.e., on the floor and with a series of standardized toys), the temperament Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire adapted for Argentina, and an SES scale were used. The typical SFP response was observed in Latin American children. In addition, older children and children with higher SES exhibited better general regulation, and there were weak associations with temperament. For gender differences, boys demonstrated more aggressive behaviors at Phase II. Results from this study suggest that children's response to this paradigm is an unconditional response to the lack of social reinforcers and is only partially associated with social and individual variables.

Emerging coherence and relations to communication among executive function tasks in toddlers: Evidence from a Latin American sample.

Recent work within early executive function (EF) seems to suggest that toddlers show distinct patterns of development, involving poorly correlated performance across EF tasks and significant improvements over relatively short periods of time. The present study sought to extend these findings by investigating evidence for these patterns in toddlers and the existence of more traditional patterns of EF (e.g., correlations between tasks, links to language) when using the same tasks in a novel Latin American sample. Eighty toddlers (18-24 months) and sixty young preschoolers (30-36) months completed a battery of EF tasks, early social communication, and receptive and expressive language measures. Results indicated that toddlers showed similar distinct patterns of development (i.e., few relations between tasks and links to responding to joint attention), but by early preschool a more cohesive EF and links to language were present. Further, work demonstrated significant age (older children outperformed younger children), gender (girls outperformed boys), and socioeconomic differences (satisfied basic needs outperformed unsatisfied basic needs, but only on the snack delay). This work provides evidence for patterns of emerging EF development within this novel cultural sample (and evidence for group differences) that may be supported by communicative and representational development.

Aumento del uso de Instagram® y su relación con la Soledad Percibida, en contexto de pandemia COVID19 / Increase in the use of Instagram® and its relationship with perceived loneliness, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue indagar si existen relaciones significativas entre la Soledad Social y Emocional en 311 adultos-jóvenes según el uso de Instagram en contexto de ASPO por Covid-19. Se establecieron comparaciones conforme a los datos sociodemográficos edad, género, nivel educativo, condición laboral, lugar de residencia, estado civil y cantidad de sujetos con los que convive además de otras preguntas sobre el uso de la red. Los instrumentos utilizados para la recolección de datos fueron un cuestionario ad hoc y la escala para la Evaluación de la Soledad Social y Emocional en Adultos SESLA-S (Di Tommaso et al, 1993), adaptación de Yaben (2008). Se halló una relación negativa estadísticamente significativa entre la cantidad de horas que dedican los usuarios a Instagram y la soledad romántica (p>0.05). Otro hallazgo de interés fue que los sujetos casados o en pareja presentan más soledad social familiar y romántica que el resto(AU)

The objective of this research was to investigate if there are significant relationships between Social and Emotional Loneliness in 311 young adults according to the use of Instagram in the context of ASPO by Covid-19. Comparisons were made according to the sociodemographic data: age, gender, educational level, employment condition, place of residence, marital status and number of subjects with whom they live, as well as other questions about the use of the network. The instruments used for data collection were an ad hoc questionnaire and the scale for the Evaluation of Social and Emotional Loneliness in adults SESLA-S (Di Tommaso et al, 1993), adapted from Yaben (2008). A statistically significant and negative relationship was found between the number of hours users spend on Instagram and romantic loneliness (p> 0.05). Another interesting finding was that the married or couple subjects present more family and romantic social loneliness than the rest(AU)