ABSTRACT
This study concentrates on the external validation of an existing Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) model widely used for long-term aquatic toxicity to fish. In the context of the REACH legislation, QSARs are used as an alternative for experimental data to achieve a complete environmental assessment without the need for animal testing. The predictivity of the model was evaluated in order to increase the reliability of the model. We assessed whether the model met all of the OECD principles. The model was adapted to become more robust, and predictions were made with an external validation set collected from several databases. For the internal validation of the QSAR, the r², Q²(Loo) and Q²(LMO) were used as validation criteria, and for the external validation r², Q²(ext), h and the validation ratio were used. A few substances were classified as outliers and therefore the applicability domain of the QSAR had to be adjusted. The QSAR passed all validation criteria and met all the OECD principles for QSAR validation, and the long-term toxicity QSAR for fish can be applied with high certainty of a correct prediction within the limits of the inherent uncertainty of the model in cases where the substance falls within the applicability domain.
Subject(s)
Cyprinidae , Environmental Exposure , Environmental Pollutants/chemistry , Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship , Animals , Environmental Pollutants/toxicity , Models, Chemical , Risk AssessmentABSTRACT
Bioassays are widely used to estimate ecological risks of contaminated sediments. We compared the results of three whole sediment bioassays, using the midge larva Chironomus riparius, the water louse Asellus aquaticus, and the mayfly nymph Ephoron virgo. We used sediments from sixteen locations in the Dutch Rhine-Meuse Delta that differed in level of contamination. Previously developed protocols for each bioassay were followed, which differed in sediment pretreatment, replication, and food availability. The Chironomus bioassay was conducted in situ, whereas the other two were conducted in the laboratory. The measured endpoints, survival and growth, were related to contaminant levels in the sediment and to food quantity in water and sediment. Only the response of A. aquaticus in the bioassay was correlated with sediment contamination. Food availability in overlying water was much more important for C. riparius and E. virgo, thereby masking potential sediment contaminant effects. We conclude that growth of A. aquaticus was depressed by sediment contamination, whereas growth of E. virgo and C. riparius was stimulated by seston food quantity. We discuss that the trophic state of the ecosystem largely affects the ecological risks of contaminated sediments.
