Evaluating processing temperature and feeding value of extruded-expelled soybean meal on nursery and finishing pig growth performance.

We conducted two experiments comparing the use of extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESoy) to solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) in swine diets. In Exp. 1, the objective was to determine the optimal processing temperature of EESoy for nursery pig growth performance. Pigs (n = 330, 13.2 +/- 2.3 kg of BW) were fed a control diet containing SBM with added fat or one of five diets containing EESoy extruded at 143.3, 148.9, 154.4, 160.0, or 165.6 degrees C. All diets were formulated on an equal apparent digestible lysine:ME ratio. From d 0 to 20, no differences were observed (P > 0.32) in ADG or ADFI (average of 544 and 924 g/d, respectively). However, gain:feed ratio (G/F) improved (quadratic, P < 0.01, range of 0.56 to 0.60) with increasing processing temperature, with the greatest improvement at 148.9 degrees C. In Exp. 2, the objective was to determine the feeding value of EESoy relative to SBM with or without added fat for growing-finishing pigs in a commercial production facility. A total of 1,200 gilts (initially 24.5 +/- 5.1 kg of BW) was used, with 25 pigs per pen and eight replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial, with two sources of soybean meal (SBM or EESoy) and three levels of added fat. Pigs were phase-fed four diets over the experimental period and added fat (choice white grease) levels were 0, 3.4, and 7% initially, with the added fat levels decreasing in the next three dietary phases. Energy levels were based such that the higher energy in EESoy (with or without added fat) was calculated to be equal to that provided by SBM with added fat. From 24.5 to 61.2 kg, pigs fed EESoy had greater (P < 0.07) G/F than those fed SBM. Increasing added fat in either EESoy- or SBM-based diets increased G/F (linear, P < 0.0003). From 61.2 to 122.5 kg, ADG and G/F were unaffected in pigs fed EESoy and/or increasing added fat (P > 0.10). For the overall growing-finishing period, ADG was unaffected (P > 0.61) by increasing energy density of the diet; however, ADFI decreased (P < 0.05) and G/F increased (P < 0.02, range of 0.37 to 0.40) as energy density increased with either EESoy or added fat. Carcass leanness was not affected by dietary treatment. These results indicate that EESoy should be extruded at 148.9 to 154.4 degrees C, and that increasing dietary energy density by using EESoy and/or added fat improves feed efficiency in finishing pigs reared in a commercial environment.

Effects of increasing L-lysine HCl in corn- or sorghum-soybean meal-based diets on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs.

We conducted three experiments to determine the effects of increasing L-lysine HCl in growing-finishing pig diets. Experiments 1 and 2, conducted at the Kansas State University research center, each used 360 growing-finishing pigs with initial BW of 56 and 63 kg, respectively. Dietary treatments were sorghum- (Exp. 1) or corn- (Exp. 2) soybean meal-based and consisted of a control (no L-lysine HCl) or 0.15, 0.225, and 0.30% L-lysine HCl replacing lysine provided by soybean meal. Experiment 3 was conducted in a commercial research facility using a total of 1,200 gilts with an initial BW of 29 kg. Pigs were allotted to one of eight dietary treatments fed in four phases. These consisted of a positive control diet with no added L-lysine HCl and the control diet with 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30% L-lysine HCl replacing the lysine provided by soybean meal. The eighth dietary treatment was a negative control diet with no added L-lysine HCl and formulated to contain 0.10% less total lysine than the other treatments to ensure that dietary lysine was not above required levels. In Exp. 1, increasing L-lysine HCl decreased (linear, P < 0.01) ADG, feed efficiency (G:F), and percentage lean and increased (linear, P < 0.01) backfat depth. In Exp. 2, increasing L-lysine HCl decreased (quadratic, P < 0.03) ADG, G:F, and ADFI, but carcass characteristics were not affected. In Exp. 3, increasing L-lysine HCl decreased ADG (linear, P < 0.01) and G:F (quadratic P < 0.03). In all three experiments, the greatest negative responses were observed when more than 0.15% L-lysine HCl was added to the diet. Therefore, unless other synthetic amino acids are added to the diet, no more than 0.15% L-lysine HCl should replace lysine from soybean meal in a corn- or sorghum-soybean meal-based diet to avoid deficiencies of other amino acids. Based on the content of diets containing 0.15% Lysine-HCl, it appears the requirements for methionine plus cystine expressed as ratios relative to lysine are not greater than 50% during the early growing-finishing period (30 to 45 kg) and 62% during the late finishing period (90 to 120 kg) on a true digestible basis. For similar periods, the ratio requirements for threonine are not greater than 59% and 64% on a true digestible basis.

Effects of dietary fat on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs reared in a commercial environment.

We conducted two experiments to evaluate the effects of added choice white grease on performance and carcass merit of barrows and gilts reared under commercial conditions. Pigs were housed either 20 (Exp. 1) or 25 (Exp. 2) per pen and were provided 0.67 m2 of pen space per pig. Diets were based on corn and soybean meal and fed in a meal form. The proportion of soybean meal was increased in diets with added fat to maintain the same calorie:lysine ratio in all diets within a weight phase. In Exp. 1, 480 pigs were fed diets with 0, 2, 4, or 6% fat. Total lysine contents of the control diets were 1.21, 0.88, and 0.66% during the weight phases 36 to 59, 59 to 93, and 93 to 120 kg, respectively. Gain:feed was increased linearly (P < 0.01) due to fat addition in all weight intervals and over the total experiment. The effect of added fat on ADG was not consistent among the weight phases; a linear (P < 0.01) improvement was found from 36 to 59 kg, but no effect was found during the heavier weight phases. Over the total experiment, however, ADG was improved (P < 0.01) linearly. Carcass traits were not affected by treatment. Experiment 2 used 900 pigs to evaluate possible carryover effects on performance and carcass merit from feeding 6% fat. The experiment was divided into four phases: 25 to 45, 45 to 70, 70 to 90, and 90 to 115 kg; lysine contents of the control diets fed in each phase were 1.23, 1.05, 0.81, and 0.63%, respectively. The six treatments consisted of no added fat throughout the experiment or 6% added fat fed from 25 to 45 kg, 25 to 70 kg, 25 to 90 kg, 25 to 115 kg, or 45 to 70 and 90 to 115 kg. Carryover effects for ADG and G:F (P < 0.07) were found for the 90- to 115-kg interval and for ADFI and ME intake (P < 0.05) for the 45- to 70- and 70-to 90-kg intervals. When fat was added in the previous weight interval, ADG and G:F were improved and ADFI and ME intake were decreased in the subsequent weight interval. Pigs fed fat from 25 to 115 kg had more (P < 0.05) backfat and lower (P < 0.05) carcass leanness than pigs on the other treatments. These data suggest that fat can be added or removed from diets of growing-finishing pigs without any detrimental carryover effects. In fact, the positive carryover effect on ADG and G:F from 95 to 115 kg suggests that feeding fat from 25 to 95 kg will maximize performance over the total growing-finishing period but minimize any detrimental effects of added fat on carcass leanness.

[Results of the Census of Hemodynamic Services and Interventional Cardiology 2000 in the Mexican Republic]. / Resultados del Censo de Servicios de Hemodinamia y Cardiología Intervencionista 2000 en la República Mexicana.

We present the results from the National Census of cardiac catheterization and interventionist Cardiology Services performed by the Chapter of interventional Cardiology of the Mexican Society of Cardiology up to the year 2000. The present document identifies the total number of existing services, their physical characteristics and available human resources, as well as the number and type of procedures performed in them.

Flake density of steam-processed sorghum grain alters performance and sites of digestibility by growing-finishing steers.

The effect of several flake densities (FD) of steam-processed sorghum grain on performance, and site and extent of nutrient digestibilities by steers fed growing and finishing diets was determined. The effectiveness of common laboratory methods of starch availability (enzymatic hydrolysis or gelatinization) to provide target specifications for quality control of steam-flaked grains was also measured. In vitro starch availability of the processed grains increased (P < .05) linearly in response to decreased FD. Flake density was more highly correlated with enzymatic measures than with percentage gelatinization (R2 = .87 to .93 vs .36). Using 140 crossbred beef steers (181 kg initial weight), feedlot performance was determined for 112 d with a growing diet (50% grain), followed by 119 d with a finishing diet (78% grain). Each FD treatment (412, 360, 309, and 257 g/L or 32, 28, 24, and 20 lb/bu) was randomly assigned to five pens of seven steers each. Intake of DM by steers decreased linearly (P < .05) as FD decreased (7 and 13%, respectively, for growing and finishing diets). Decreasing FD reduced linearly (P < .05) ADG in the finishing phase and for the entire 231-d trial. With the growing diet only, feed efficiency and estimated diet NEm and NEg responses to decreasing FD were curvilinear (P < .05), with the 360 g/L (28 lb/bu) flake being most efficient. Electrical energy requirements for processing increased linearly (P < .05) as FD decreased. Using four multi-cannulated crossbred steers (275 kg), starch digestibility increased linearly (P < .05) in the rumen (82 to 91%) and total tract (98.2 to 99.2%) as FD decreased. Digestibilities within the small (74%) and large intestines (62%) were not altered by FD. Decreasing FD increased (P < .05) total CP digestibility, but did not consistently alter fiber digestibility or DE content of the diets. In conclusion, enzymatic laboratory methods to evaluate starch availability in processed grains can be used satisfactorily to establish FD criteria for quality control of the steam-flaking process. The greatest improvements in efficiency, estimated diet NE, and starch and protein digestibilities usually occurred when FD was decreased from 412 to 360 g/L (32 to 28 lb/bu). Based on these measures and processing costs, the optimal FD was 360 g/L (28 lb/bu).

Effect of the length of degenerating phrenic nerve fibres on the anaphylactic contraction of the diaphragm.

1. The effect of denervation on the anaphylactic contraction of the diaphragm from actively sensitized guinea pig has been studied. 2. The section of the phrenic nerve took place at cervical and thoracic levels. The sensitization of the animal took place several days before sectioning, simultaneously with denervation and after denervation. 3. The anaphylactic contractions were observed from the fourth day after thoracic denervation, and from the sixth day when denervation was in the cervical region. 4. The hypersensitivity to ACh in the denervated diaphragmatic muscle was present 24 hr after sectioning the phrenic nerve and reached its maximum 3-4 days after. 5. These results support the idea that denervation caused some changes in the membrane of the skeletal muscle fibres to allow the fixation of antibodies. These denervation changes are dependent on the length of the peripheral nerve left to degenerate. Anaphylactic contractions appeared earlier in those animals where phrenic nerve sections were closer to the diaphragmatic muscle.

[X syndrome. Angiographic findings]. / Sindrome X. Signos angiográficos.

Coronary artery spasm is the most frequent cause of ischemic heart disease without coronary atherosclerosis once other causes such as cardiomyopathy, arteritis, coronary ectasia, valvular heart disease or hypertensive heart disease are eliminated. We report 23 patients, 15 males and 8 females, whose ages ranged from 34 to 63 years, with a mean age of 47 years, with demonstrated angina pectoris and myocardial ischemia, whose cardiac cineangiography showed no signs of atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, a significant retardation in the progression speed of the contrast medium was observed, as indirect evidence of the increment in coronary resistance at the arteriole level. Coronary spasm was ruled out by administration of intracoronary ergonovine, and other causes of myocardial ischemia, such as muscular bridges, were also discarded. The clinical presentation of the ischemic heart disease was unstable angina (UA) in 21 patients and myocardial infarction (MI) in 2. In the UA group, 14 patients showed ischemic changes in the ECG while the pain lasted, and in 8 patients the changes were present during the stress test. In all of them, the stress test perfusion scan with thallium 201 showed myocardial ischemia. In the IM group, the diagnosis was based on the clinical findings, the ECG, the enzyme curve, and the technetium 99 cardiac scintigram. In the two-year follow-up the prognosis has been favorable with treatment based on calcium antagonists. Nowadays 18 patients are asymptomatic, four have stable angina and only one has unstable angina.