Future climate suitability of Hemileia vastatrix in arabica coffee under CMIP6 scenarios.

BACKGROUND: Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is one of the most important commodities today, with a high economic value worldwide. Coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix Berk. et Br.) has been showing a high impact on Brazilian coffee trees among the various diseases that attack coffee. The climate has a great influence on the development of diseases, especially when fungi are the causal agents. This study aimed to carry out the zoning of climate favorability for coffee leaf rust in the traditional and main coffee-producing regions of Brazil. The study was conducted in 13 locations in the states of Paraná, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Goiás and Bahia. Air temperature and daily precipitation data for the current scenario were collected using the WorldClim version 2.1 platform for the last climatological normal and future climate change data. The ideal climate conditions for coffee leaf rust consist of a mean air temperature ranging from 21 to 25 °C and precipitation >30 mm per month. The Coupled Model Intercomparison Projects scenarios associated with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports consisted of the Shared Socio-Economic Pathways SSP-1 2.6, SSP-2 4.5, SSP-3 7.0 and SSP-5 8.5, the latter being considered one of the most catastrophic. All steps to carry out the suitability zoning were performed in a tool using the QGIS geographic information system software. RESULTS: Zoning for coffee leaf rust had three classes: favorable, relatively favorable and unfavorable. Currently, the largest coffee-producing region in Brazil has 49.1% of its analyzed area classified as favorable, 39.2% as relatively favorable and 11.7% as unfavorable. In the current scenario, Patrocínio and Três Pontas are locations with high coffee production in which the favorable class is predominant. The state of Minas Gerais has an annual mean of 55.3% of its entire territory apt for the disease, with the highest occurrence between September and March. CONCLUSIONS: Climate change has a negative impact on the development of coffee leaf rust, mainly in the long term, as in the period of 2081-2100, in which the SSP-5 8.5 scenario led to a decrease in the favorable and unfavorable areas and an increase in the relatively favorable areas of 9.8%, 18.6% and 71.5% for the Brazilian territory, respectively. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Climatic zoning of yerba mate and climate change projections: a CMIP6 approach.

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is renowned for its nutritional and pharmaceutical attributes. A staple in South American (SA) culture, it serves as the foundation for several traditional beverages. Significantly, the pharmaceutical domain has secured numerous patents associated with this plant's distinctive properties. This research delves into the climatic influence on yerba mate by leveraging the CMIP6 model projections to assess potential shifts brought about by climate change. Given its economic and socio-cultural significance, comprehending how climate change might sway yerba mate's production and distribution is pivotal. The CMIP6 model offers insights into future conditions, pinpointing areas that are either conducive or adverse for yerba mate cultivation. Our findings will be instrumental in crafting adaptive and mitigative strategies, thereby directing sustainable production planning for yerba mate. The core objective of this study was to highlight zones optimal for Ilex paraguariensis cultivation across its major producers: Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, under CMIP6's climate change forecasts. Our investigation encompassed major producing zones spanning the North, Northeast, Midwest, Southeast, and South of Brazil, along with the aforementioned countries. A conducive environment for this crop's growth features air temperatures between 21 to 25 °C and a minimum precipitation of 1200 mm per cycle. We sourced the current climate data from the WorldClim version 2 platform. Meanwhile, projections for future climatic parameters were derived from WorldClim 2.1, utilizing the IPSL-CM6A-LR model with a refined 30-s spatial resolution. We took into account four distinct socio-economic pathways over varying timelines: 2021-2040, 2041-2060, 2061-2081, and 2081-2100. Geographic information system data aided in the spatial interpolation across Brazil, applying the Kriging technique. The outcomes revealed a majority of the examined areas as non-conducive for yerba mate cultivation, with a scanty 12.25% (1.5 million km2) deemed favorable. Predominantly, these propitious regions lie in southern Brazil and Uruguay, the present-day primary producers of yerba mate. Alarming was the discovery that forthcoming climatic scenarios predominantly forecast detrimental shifts, characterized by escalating average air temperatures and diminishing rainfall. These trends portend a decline in suitable cultivation regions for yerba mate.

Climate and disease: tackling coffee brown-eye spot with advanced forecasting models.

BACKGROUND: Climate influences the interaction between pathogens and their hosts significantly. This is particularly evident in the coffee industry, where fungal diseases like Cercospora coffeicola, causing brown-eye spot, can reduce yields drastically. This study focuses on forecasting coffee brown-eye spot using various models that incorporate agrometeorological data, allowing for predictions at least 1 week prior to the occurrence of disease. Data were gathered from eight locations across São Paulo and Minas Gerais, encompassing the South and Cerrado regions of Minas Gerais state. In the initial phase, various machine learning (ML) models and topologies were calibrated to forecast brown-eye spot, identifying one with potential for advanced decision-making. The top-performing models were then employed in the next stage to forecast and spatially project the severity of brown-eye spot across 2681 key Brazilian coffee-producing municipalities. Meteorological data were sourced from NASA's Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resources platform, and the Penman-Monteith method was used to estimate reference evapotranspiration, leading to a Thornthwaite and Mather water-balance calculation. Six ML models - K-nearest neighbors (KNN), artificial neural network multilayer perceptron (MLP), support vector machine (SVM), random forests (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and gradient boosting regression (GradBOOSTING) - were employed, considering disease latency to time define input variables. RESULTS: These models utilized climatic elements such as average air temperature, relative humidity, leaf wetness duration, rainfall, evapotranspiration, water deficit, and surplus. The XGBoost model proved most effective in high-yielding conditions, demonstrating high precision and accuracy. Conversely, the SVM model excelled in low-yielding scenarios. The incidence of brown-eye spot varied noticeably between high- and low-yield conditions, with significant regional differences observed. The accuracy of predicting brown-eye spot severity in coffee plantations depended on the biennial production cycle. High-yielding trees showed superior results with the XGBoost model (R2 = 0.77, root mean squared error, RMSE = 10.53), whereas the SVM model performed better under low-yielding conditions (precision 0.76, RMSE = 12.82). CONCLUSION: The study's application of agrometeorological variables and ML models successfully predicted the incidence of brown-eye spot in coffee plantations with a 7 day lead time, illustrating that they were valuable tools for managing this significant agricultural challenge. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Agroclimatic mapping for olive cultivation in Brazil: pinpointing optimal growing regions.

BACKGROUND: This research aimed to identify the agroclimatic zones in Brazil, excluding Rio Grande do Sul, that are suitable for olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivation, considering both climatic and topographical factors. Olives require specific conditions: moderate winter temperatures (7-15 °C), warmer summers (25-35 °C) and sufficient water during growth and fruit maturation. They can endure some drought, making them a viable option for agricultural diversification. Using daily meteorological data from 1989 to 2023 from NASA-POWER, this study analyzed variables like air temperature (minimum and maximum) and rainfall. Key climate variables were the mean air temperature in winter (T_w), spring (T_s), summer (T_su) and autumn (T_a) and total annual precipitation (Prec). Criteria for suitability included: T_w between 5 and 20 °C, T_s between 15 and 23 °C, T_su between 15 and 30 °C, T_a between 15 and 22 °C, annual precipitation over 900 mm and altitude below 900 m. Geographic information system software and Python 3.8 were employed for data analysis and zoning. RESULTS: Results indicated that only 1.92% of the analyzed area, mainly in Minas Gerais, was suitable for olive cultivation. High temperatures and low rainfall in Brazil, particularly in the North and Midwest, make 59.56% of the country unsuitable for olive farming. Additionally, 18.58% of the land, mainly in the Northeast, faces challenges due to extreme heat (T_w) and insufficient water supply. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Miraculin-based sweeteners in the protein-engineering era: an alternative for developing more efficient and safer products.

The current sweeteners available are very efficient in providing sweet taste. However, they are associated with several chronic diseases. Some glycoproteins, such as miraculins, are extremely interesting from a biotechnological point of view because they perform the bitter into sweet taste modifying function excellently, in addition to being safer as food. In contrast, purifying and synthesizing these proteins represents a major challenge for the food industry, as these proteins are large and complex molecules, which would make the final product expensive and economically unviable. In this context, emerging techniques from computational biology and molecular modelling have been promoting a remarkable revolution in protein bioengineering. Bioinspired peptides can provide many possibilities in sweeteners development through rational design. Once these peptides are smaller molecules than an entire protein, its synthesis on a large scale tends to be much easier and more economical, besides presenting a potential for better bioavailability in the organism. The techniques discussed here allow, through sophisticated pipelines and algorithms, to perform the rational design of mimetic peptides and with smaller size, which can carry out the activation of sweet taste of miraculins and to be more viable for industrial production. In this review, the premises and tools for the elaboration of synthetic peptides bioinspired in proteins with sweetening activity that mimic this action will be emphasized.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

X-ray spectrometry imaging and chemical speciation assisting to understand the toxic effects of copper oxide nanoparticles on zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Currently, copper nanoparticles are used in various sectors of industry, agriculture, and medicine. To understand the effects induced by these nanoparticles, it is necessary to assess the environmental risk and safely expand their use. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of copper oxide (nCuO) nanoparticles in Danio rerio adults, their distribution/concentration, and chemical form after exposure. This last assessment had never been performed on copper-exposed zebrafish. Such evaluation was done through the characterization of nCuO, acute exposure tests and analysis of distribution and concentration by microstructure X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (µ-XRF) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (GF-AAS). Synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was performed to find out the chemical form of copper in hotspots. The results show that the toxicity values of fish exposed to nCuO were 2.4 mg L-1 (25 nm), 12.36 mg L-1 (40 nm), 149.03 mg L-1 (80 nm) and 0.62 mg L-1 (CuSO4, used as a positive control). The total copper found in the fish was in the order of mg kg-1 and it was not directly proportional to the exposure concentration; most of the copper was concentrated in the gastric system. However, despite the existence of copper hotspots, chemical transformation of CuO into other compounds was not detected.

Agroclimatic zoning for bananas under climate change in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Climate change is the main cause of biotic and abiotic stresses in plants and affects yield. Therefore, we sought to carry out a study on future changes in the agroclimatic conditions of banana cultivation in Brazil. The current agroclimatic zoning was carried out with data obtained from the National Institute of Meteorology related to mean air temperature, annual rainfall, and soil texture data in Brazil. The global climate model BCC-CSM1.1 (Beijing Climate Center-Climate System Model, version 1.1), adopted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, corresponding to Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5 for the period 2050 (2041-2060) and 2070 (2061-2080), obtained through the CHELSA V1.2 platform, was chosen for the climate projections of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5. Matrix images at a depth of 5-15 cm, obtained through the product of the SoilGrids system, were used for the texture data. ArcGIS version 10.8 was used to construct the maps. RESULTS: Areas favorable to the crop plantation were classified as suitable when air temperature TAIR was between 20 and 29 °C, annual rainfall RANNUAL between 1200 and 1900 mm, and soil clay content CSOIL between 30 and 55%. Subsequently, the information was reclassified, summarizing the classes into preferential, recommended, little recommended, and not recommended. The current scenario shows a preferential class of 8.1%, recommended of 44.6%, little recommended of 47.1%, and not recommended of 0.1% for the Brazilian territory. CONCLUSION: The results show no drastic changes in the total area regarding the classes, but there is a migration from these zones; that is, from tropical to subtropical and temperate regions. RCP 8.5-2070 (2061-2080) showed trends with negative impacts on arable areas for banana cultivation at the end of the century. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Coffee pest severity by agrometeorological models in subtropical climate.

This study aimed to estimate the number of generations and cycle duration of the southern red mite, coffee berry borer, and coffee leaf miner using the thermal index to assist in controlling these main coffee pests in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The data of maximum and minimum air temperature (°C) and precipitation (mm) of all municipalities in the state from 1984 to 2018 were collected from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration/Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resources (NASA/POWER). The reference evapotranspiration was estimated using the (Camargo Campinas IAC Boletim 116:9, 1971) method and the water balance was calculated using the method of ( Thornthwaite C, Mather J (1955) The water balance publications in climatology, 8 (1). DIT, Laboratory of climatology, Centerton, NJ, USA). The basal temperature of each pest minus the average temperature of the years was used to calculate the degrees-day, the duration of the pest cycle, and the number of generations per year. The influence of altitude on the development of coffee pests was measured using the Pearson correlation. The thermal index is able to estimate the damage caused by coffee pests in the state of Pará, Brazil. Coffee pests show greater severity in the north of Paraná, in the regions with the highest temperatures. It is the same region that concentrates most of the coffee production of the state. The results of the life cycle and number of generations were interpolated for the entire state using the kriging method. Coffee pests showed the highest severity in the north region of the state of Paraná, more specifically in the Northwest, North Central, and West Central mesoregions. These regions have concentrated most of the state's coffee production. Mesoregions with the highest coffee production in the state showed higher susceptibility to coffee pests. Altitude showed a high correlation (r > 0.6) with the cycle variability and number of generations of coffee pests. The average cycles of the coffee berry borer, coffee leaf miner, and southern red mite are 24.13 (± 8.34), 45.64 (± 18.61), and 21.51 (± 3.51) days, respectively. The average annual generation was 16.67 (± 4.77), 9.02 (± 2.75), and 17.32 (± 2.63) generations, for the coffee berry borer, the coffee red mite, and the southern red mite, respectively.

Antivirus applied to JAR malware detection based on runtime behaviors.

Java vulnerabilities correspond to 91% of all exploits observed on the worldwide web. The present work aims to create antivirus software with machine learning and artificial intelligence and master in Java malware detection. Within the proposed methodology, the suspected JAR sample is executed to intentionally infect the Windows OS monitored in a controlled environment. In all, our antivirus monitors and considers, statistically, 6824 actions that the suspected JAR file can perform when executed. Our antivirus achieved an average performance of 91.58% in the distinction between benign and malware JAR files. Different initial conditions, learning functions and architectures of our antivirus are investigated. The limitations of commercial antiviruses can be supplied by intelligent antiviruses. Instead of blacklist-based models, our antivirus allows JAR malware detection preventively and not reactively as Oracle's Java and traditional antivirus modus operandi.

Nonoperative treatment of a blunt adrenal gland trauma with blush: A case report.

Adrenal gland trauma is a rare and scarcely reported injury due to its retroperitoneal position and relationship with adjacent tissues. We report a male patient with a history of a thoracoabdominal blunt trauma with adrenal injury as an isolated abdominal viscera. He was hemodynamically stable at admission, with a blush within his adrenal hematoma. The patient was treated nonoperatively and subsequently discharged after 15 days. The available literature reports advantages of a nonoperative approach compared to surgery, which is necessary in only 1% of cases that are predominantly polytrauma patients with multiple intra-abdominal injuries. Therefore, a nonoperative treatment is recommended for patients with an isolated adrenal gland injury who are hemodynamically stable during hospital stay.

Enhancing the Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Light-Emitting Diode: Implications and Molecular Mechanisms.

This study evaluated the effects of light-emitting diode (LED) on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). An electronic search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science database for articles published from 1980 to February 2020. Ten articles met the search criteria and were included in this review. The risk of bias was evaluated to report quality, safety, and environmental standards. MSCs were derived from adipose tissue, bone marrow, dental pulp, gingiva, and umbilical cord. Protocols for cellular irradiation used red and blue light spectrum with variations of the parameters. The LED has been shown to induce greater cellular viability, proliferation, differentiation, and secretion of growth factors. The set of information available leads to proposing a complex signaling cascade for the action of photobiomodulation, including angiogenic factors, singlet oxygen, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, Janus kinase/signal transducer, and reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, although our results suggest that LED can boost MSCs, a nonuniformity in the experimental protocol, bias, and the limited number of studies reduces the power of systematic review. Further research is essential to find the optimal LED irradiation parameters to boost MSCs function and evaluate its impact in the clinical setting.

Low-level laser therapy alleviates the deleterious effect of doxorubicin on rat adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, and doxorubicin (DOX) has become one of the most commonly prescribed drugs. Stem cell (SC) therapy is proving to be a promising strategy to alleviate DOX adverse effects on non-cancerous cells. However, the drug also has a toxic action on SCs, reducing the efficiency of cell therapy from a preventive view. The present study shows that the DOX toxicity in mesenchymal SCs (MSCs) can be partially overcome by low-level laser irradiation (LLLI). To achieve this, we applied the low-level red laser (wavelength: 660 nm; output power: 30 mW; laser beam: 0.028 cm2; irradiation: 1.07 mW/cm2; Ga-Al-As Photon Laser III, DMC, São Paulo, Brazil) in rat adipose tissue-derived MSCs before their exposure to different DOX concentrations. Results revealed that the DOX reduced the viability and adenosine triphosphate level of MSCs. These findings were followed by significantly increased apoptosis as well as oxidative stress in the MSCs. Interestingly, LLLI at the dose of 0.2 J alleviated the effects of DOX on cell viability and apoptosis, and inhibited oxidative stress in the MSCs. In summary, this study provides a crucial step toward the future application of LLLI as a protective approach against DOX-induced toxicity in MSCs, particularly cell death. This study also lays the groundwork for further investigation into the role of oxidative stress and inflammation as an instructive milieu for cell protection.

Functional, nutritional and social factors associated with mobility limitations in the elderly: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the prevalence and incidence of mobility limitations in the elderly people and their associated factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Articles in the electronic literature were searched via PubMed, Scopus,,Lilacs, SciELO, PAHO, MedCarib, Repidisca, Wholis, IBCES, PEDro, Medline and Bireme (2012-2016). The instrument STROBE was used to analyze the quality of the work and the PRISMA recommendation was used to structure the review. RESULTS: Nine studies were included. The prevalence of mobility limitations ranged from 58.1 to 93.2% and the incidence ranged from 23 to 53.7%. Studies provided evidence of association of mobility limitations in the elderly population with high BMI, low 25-hydroxy vitamin D, sarcopenia, fragility, chronic pain, functional dependence, advanced age in women, low hip flexion, sedentary lifestyle, and social support difficulties. CONCLUSIONS: Mobility limitations in the elderly had high prevalence and incidence, and there was evidence of association with nutritional, functional and social factors.

Functional, nutritional and social factors associated with mobility limitations in the elderly: a systematic review / Factores funcionales, nutricionales y sociales asociados con las limitaciones de la movilidad en los ancianos: revisión sistemática

Abstract: Objective: To systematically review the prevalence and incidence of mobility limitations in the elderly people and their associated factors. Materials and methods: Articles in the electronic literature were searched via PubMed, Scopus, Lilacs, SciELO, PAHO, MedCarib, Repidisca, Wholis, IBCES, PEDro, Medline and Bireme (2012-2016). The instrument STROBE was used to analyze the quality of the work and the PRISMA recommendation was used to structure the review. Results: Nine studies were included. The prevalence of mobility limitations ranged from 58.1 to 93.2% and the incidence ranged from 23 to 53.7%. Studies provided evidence of association of mobility limitations in the elderly population with high BMI, low 25-hydroxy vitamin D, sarcopenia, fragility, chronic pain, functional dependence, advanced age in women, low hip flexion, sedentary lifestyle, and social support difficulties. Conclusion: Mobility limitations in the elderly had high prevalence and incidence, and there was evidence of association with nutritional, functional and social factors.

Resumen: Objetivo: Revisar sistemáticamente la prevalencia e incidencia de las limitaciones de movilidad en los ancianos y sus factores asociados. Material y métodos: Se realizaron búsquedas de artículos en la literatura electrónica a través de PubMed, Scopus, Lilacs, SciELO, PAHO, MedCarib, Repidisca, Wholis, IBCES, PEDro, Medline y Bireme (2012-2016). El instrumento STROBE fue utilizado para analizar la calidad del trabajo y la recomendación de PRISMA para estructurar la revisión. Resultados: Se incluyeron nueve estudios. La prevalencia de limitaciones de movilidad varió de 58.1 a 93.2% y la incidencia de 23 a 53.7%. Los estudios aportaron evidencia de asociación de limitaciones de movilidad en los ancianos con alto IMC, 25-hidroxivitamina D baja, sarcopenia, fragilidad, dolor crónico, dependencia funcional, edad avanzada de las mujeres, flexión de cadera baja, sedentarismo y dificultades de apoyo social. Conclusiones: Las limitaciones de movilidad en los ancianos presentan alta prevalencia e incidencia, y hay evidencia de asociación con factores nutricionales, funcionales y sociales.

Exploiting antagonistic activity of fruit-derived Lactobacillus to control pathogenic bacteria in fresh cheese and chicken meat.

This study assessed the antagonistic activity of fruit-derived lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains against food-related bacteria and the effects of the highest organic acids LAB producers on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 in cheese and chicken meat, respectively. The production of organic acids by the Lactobacillus strains in the tested food matrices was also monitored. All tested LAB strains showed antagonistic activity in vitro on the growth of pathogenic or spoiling food-related bacteria, particularly on L. monocytogenes and/or S. Enteritidis PT4, through the action of non-proteinaceous substances. The highest amounts of acetic and lactic acid were detected in cell free culture supernatants of L. paracasei 108 and L. plantarum 201. In "Minas Frescal" cheese, L. plantarum 49 and L. paracasei 108 decreased the counts of L. monocytogenes, and L. plantarum 201 showed bacteriostatic effects on this pathogen over time. L. paracasei 108 decreased the counts of S. Enteritidis PT4 in ground chicken breast; L. plantarum 49 and L. plantarum 201 failed to decrease the counts of this pathogen. Decreases in counts of L. monocytogenes or S. Enteritidis in "Minas Frescal" cheese and ground chicken breast, respectively, were related with increases in lactic and acetic acid contents and decreases in pH values. L. plantarum 49 and L. paracasei 108 could be used as biopreservation tools in cheese and chicken breast meat, respectively.

Bean Seedling Growth Enhancement Using Magnetite Nanoparticles.

Advanced fertilizers are one of the top requirements to address rising global food demand. This study investigates the effect of bare and polyethylene glycol-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the germination and seedling development of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Although the germination rate was not affected by the treatments (1 to 1 000 mg Fe L-1), seed soaking in Fe3O4-PEG at 1 000 mg Fe L-1 increased radicle elongation (8.1 ± 1.1 cm vs 5.9 ± 1.0 cm for the control). Conversely, Fe2+/Fe3+(aq) and bare Fe3O4 at 1 000 mg Fe L-1 prevented the growth. X-ray spectroscopy and tomography showed that Fe penetrated in the seed. Enzymatic assays showed that Fe3O4-PEG was the least harmful treatment to α-amylase. The growth promoted by the Fe3O4-PEG might be related to water uptake enhancement induced by the PEG coating. These results show the potential of using coated iron nanoparticles to enhance the growth of common food crops.

Residual determination of anesthetic menthol in fishes by SDME/GC-MS.

The SDME-GC/MS method was applied to residual determination of anesthetic menthol in fish. The extractions took place from the headspace of the sample using 1.8µL of octane as the extraction solvent. To obtain the ideal extraction condition, was used Response Surface Methodology, defining: extraction time 15min, temperature 30°C and salt 3g. The method showed LOD and LOQ of 0.021 and 1.56µgL-1 respectively, recovery of 94% and R2 of 0.9997. The analyzes were performed on tilapia fillets anesthetized in five concentrations between 5 and 15×104µgL-1 and with times of slaughter after anesthesia of 0, 12, 24 and 48h. It was determined that 48h is the required residual period for total metabolization of menthol in the fishes' organisms. This methodology becomes promising regarding the establishment of protocols to regulatory the use of menthol as an anesthetic in aquaculture.

Low-Level Laser Application in the Early Myocardial Infarction Stage Has No Beneficial Role in Heart Failure.

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been targeted as a promising approach that can mitigate post-infarction cardiac remodeling. There is some interesting evidence showing that the beneficial role of the LLLT could persist long-term even after the end of the application, but it remains to be systematically evaluated. Therefore, the present study aimed to test the hypothesis that LLLT beneficial effects in the early post-infarction cardiac remodeling could remain in overt heart failure even with the disruption of irradiations. Female Wistar rats were subjected to the coronary occlusion to induce myocardial infarction or Sham operation. A single LLLT application was carried out after 60 s and 3 days post-coronary occlusion, respectively. Echocardiography was performed 3 days and at the end of the experiment (5 weeks) to evaluate cardiac function. After the last echocardiographic examination, LV hemodynamic evaluation was performed at baseline and on sudden afterload increases. Compared with the Sham group, infarcted rats showed increased systolic and diastolic internal diameter as well as a depressed shortening fraction of LV. The only benefit of the LLLT was a higher shortening fraction after 3 days of infarction. However, treated-LLLT rats show a lower shortening fraction in the 5th week of study when compared with Sham and non-irradiated rats. A worsening of cardiac function was confirmed in the hemodynamic analysis as evidenced by the higher LV end-diastolic pressure and lower +dP/dt and -dP/dt with five weeks of study. Cardiac functional reserve was also impaired by infarction as evidenced by an attenuated response of stroke work index and cardiac output to a sudden afterload stress, without LLLT repercussions. No significant differences were found in the myocardial expression of Akt1/VEGF pathway. Collectively, these findings illustrate that LLLT improves LV systolic function in the early post-infarction cardiac remodeling. However, this beneficial effect may be dependent on the maintenance of phototherapy. Long-term studies with LLLT application are needed to establish whether these effects ultimately translate into improved cardiac remodeling.

PAHs in corn grains submitted to drying with firewood.

Grain drying using firewood as fuel for air heating, with direct fire, is still widely used in Brazil. The combustion of organic material, such as wood, can generate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which are known to have carcinogenic potential. In the present work corn grain drying was carried out at three drying air temperatures: 60°C, 60/80°C and 80°C. Following the drying process, the presence and quantification of PAH in the corn grains was investigated. After extracting the PAHs of the matrix, the material was subjected to analysis by gas chromatography with mass detector. he results showed the presence of seven compounds: fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene and chrysene.

Does Stroke Volume Increase During an Incremental Exercise? A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiac output increases during incremental-load exercise to meet metabolic skeletal muscle demand. This response requires a fast adjustment in heart rate and stroke volume. The heart rate is well known to increase linearly with exercise load; however, data for stroke volume during incremental-load exercise are unclear. Our objectives were to (a) review studies that have investigated stroke volume on incremental load exercise and (b) summarize the findings for stroke volume, primarily at maximal-exercise load. METHODS: A comprehensive review of the Cochrane Library's, Embase, Medline, SportDiscus, PubMed, and Web of Sci-ence databases was carried out for the years 1985 to the present. The search was performed between February and June 2014 to find studies evaluating changes in stroke volume during incremental-load exercise. Controlled and uncontrolled trials were evaluated for a quality score. RESULTS: The stroke volume data in maximal-exercise load are inconsistent. There is evidence to hypothesis that stroke volume increases during maximal-exercise load, but other lines of evidence indicate that stroke volume reaches a plateau under these circumstances, or even decreases. CONCLUSION: The stroke volume are unclear, include contradictory evidence. Additional studies with standardized reporting for subjects (e.g., age, gender, physical fitness, and body position), exercise test protocols, and left ventricular function are required to clarify the characteristics of stroke volume during incremental maximal-exercise load.