Pancreatitis aguda asociada a balón intragástrico: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura

La obesidad es una patología de importancia a nivel mundial porque conlleva a una alta carga de mortalidad y morbilidad. El balón intragástrico representa una técnica no quirúrgica empleada cada vez con más frecuencia para lograr pérdida de peso. Si bien, este se considera un método seguro, se han reportado algunas complicaciones desde náuseas y vómitos, hasta eventos adversos graves, tales como perforación. La pancreatitis aguda constituye una complicación muy rara del balón intragástrico y se atribuye su efecto a la compresión directa que ejerce sobre el páncreas. Presentamos el caso de una paciente mujer de 21 años, quien después de 7 meses de colocación de balón intragástrico, cursó con dolor abdominal, náuseas y vómitos, asociados a elevación de enzimas pancreáticas. Se hizo diagnóstico de pancreatitis aguda y se corroboró compresión de la cola del páncreas mediante estudio tomográfico. Se decidió retiro del balón mediante endoscopía, cursando luego con evolución favorable.

Obesity is a pathology of importance worldwide because it leads to a high burden of mortality and morbidity. The intragastric balloon represents a non-surgical technique used more and more frequently to achieve weight loss. Although this is considered a safe method, some complications have been reported, from nausea and vomiting to serious adverse events, such as perforation. Acute pancreatitis is a very rare complication of the intragastric balloon, and its effect is attributed to the direct compression it exerts on the pancreas. We present the case of a 21-year-old female patient who, after 7 months of intragastric balloon placement, developed abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, associated with elevated pancreatic enzymes. A diagnosis of acute pancreatitis was made and compression of the tail of the pancreas was confirmed by tomographic study. It was decided to remove the balloon by endoscopy, which then progressed favorably.

[Recurrence rate of Helicobacter pylori infection two years after successful eradication in Peruvian patients presenting with postprandial distress syndrome]. / Recurrencia de la infeccióngástrica con Helicobacter pylori en adultos peruanos con distrés postprandial dos años después de la erradicaciónexitosa.

INTRODUCTION: The general reported recurrence rate of H. pylori infection in Peru is high, implying that the long term effectiveness of anti H. pylori therapy is lower than expected. This would lead to an increase in the prevalence of gastric cancer and other associated pathologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study including Peruvian patients with postprandial distress and H. pylori infection confirmed by gastric biopsy who recieved treatment and achieved bacterial eradication. Two years after the initial diagnosis, patients were contacted to determine the recurrence rate of H. pylori infection through the Urea breath test. RESULTS: 101 /129 of the patients that were infected with H. pylori had a successful eradication of the infection and 28/129 failed to eradicate the bacteria. The effectiveness rate of treatment was 77.2%. Two years after successful eradication we were able to contact 65/101 participants, 5 of them presented positive urea breath tests (recurrence rate of infection of 7.7%) (IC 1.5%-13.5%, α = 0.05). The annual recurrence rate was 3.85% per year/ patient. 94% of the patients in the cohort came from poor city areas, 95.4% had drinking water at home and 90.8% drank boiled drinking water on a daily basis. CONCLUSIONS: The recurrence rate of H. pylori in some populations of Peru is lower than expected and comparable with developed countries.

Recurrencia de la infección gástrica con Helicobacter pylori en adultos peruanos con distrés postprandial dos años después de la erradicación exitosa / Recurrence rate of Helicobacter pylori infection two years after successful eradication in Peruvian patients presenting with postprandial distress syndrome

Introducción: Hasta el año 2000, en Perú se habían reportado tasas de recurrencia de H. pylori muy altas que podrían hacer inefectiva la erradicación de la infección a largo plazo e incrementar la prevalencia de cáncer gástrico y otras patologías asociadas. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de cohorte única, prospectivo. Se reclutaron participantes peruanos con distrés postprandial e infección con H. pylori diagnosticada mediante el análisis histopatológico de biopsias gástricas. Aquellos con erradicación exitosa después del tratamiento fueron contactados dos años después para determinar la tasa de recurrencia mediante la prueba del aliento con urea marcada. Resultados: De 129 participantes dispépticos infectados con H. pylori elegibles, 101 tuvieron erradicación exitosa de la infección y 28 permanecieron infectados post-tratamiento. La tasa de efectividad fue de 77,2%. Dos años después, se pudieron contactar a 65 participantes con erradicación exitosa post-tratamiento, 5 de los cuales tuvieron recurrencias positivas y 60 permanecieron libres de la infección. La tasa de recurrencia fue 7,7% dos años posttratamiento (IC 1,5%-13.5%, = 0,05) y la tasa de recurrencia anual fue 3,85% por año-paciente de seguimiento. El 94% de los participantes seguidos provenían del nivel socioeconómico bajo de la ciudad, el 95,4% contaba con agua potable domiciliaria y el 90,8% consumía agua hervida diariamente. Conclusiones: La tasa de recurrencia del H. pylori en algunas poblaciones del Perú es baja y comparable a la de los países desarrollados. En estas poblaciones, la erradicación del H. pylori podría constituir una medida de salud pública para el control de la infección.

Introduction: The general reported recurrence rate of H. pylori infection in Peru is high, implying that the long term effectiveness of anti H. pylori therapy is lower than expected. This would lead to an increase in the prevalence of gastric cancer and other associated pathologies. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective cohort study including Peruvian patients with postprandial distress and H. pylori infection confirmed by gastric biopsy who recieved treatment and achieved bacterial eradication. Two years after the initial diagnosis, patients were contacted to determine the recurrence rate of H. pylori infection through the Urea breath test. Results: 101 /129 of the patients that were infected with H. pylori had a successful eradication of the infection and 28/129 failed to eradicate the bacteria. The effectiveness rate of treatment was 77.2%. Two years after successful eradication we were able to contact 65/101 participants, 5 of them presented positive urea breath tests (recurrence rate of infection of 7.7%) (IC 1.5%-13.5%, α= 0.05). The annual recurrence rate was 3.85% per year/ patient. 94% of the patients in the cohort came from poor city areas, 95.4% had drinking water at home and 90.8% drank boiled drinking water on a daily basis. Conclusions: The recurrence rate of H. pylori in some populations of Peru is lower than expected and comparable with developed countries.

[Risk factors associated to mortality by upper GI bleeding in patients from a public hospital. A case control study]. / Factores de riesgo asociados a la mortalidad por hemorragia digestiva alta en pacientes de un hospital público. Estudio caso control.

OBJECTIVE: Identify and establish risk factors associated with mortality secondary to upper gastrointestinal bleeding up to 30 days after the episode, at the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analytic observational case-control study was made with a case: control proportion of 1:3, analyzing 180 patient from which 135 were the controls and 45 the cases. It was determined by biological plausibility as potential risk factors to 14 variables, with which were performed bivariate and multivariate logistic analyses. RESULTS: It was found in the bivariate logistic analysis as variables statistically related to mortality: age (OR=1.02), hematemesis (OR=2.57), in-hospital upper gastrointestinal bleeding (OR=4), cirrhosis (OR=2.67), malignancy (OR=5,37), admittance to intensive care unit/Shock-Trauma (OR=9.29), Rockall score greater than 4 (OR=19.75), rebleeding (OR=5.65), and number of packed red blood cell transfusions(OR=1.22). While in the multivariate logistic analysis, the only variables statistically related to mortality were: malignancy (OR=5.35), admittance to intensive care unit/Shock-Trauma (OR=8.29), and Rockall score greater than 4 (OR=8.43). CONCLUSIONS: The factors that increase the risk of mortality in patient with upper gastrointestinal bleeding are: Rockall score greater than 4, admittance to intensive care unit/Shock-Trauma, rebleeding, in-hospital upper gastrointestinal bleeding, cirrhosis, hematemesis, malignancy, the number of red blood cell transfusion, and age.

Utilidad del score de Baylor en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta en un hospital de Lima - Perú / The usefulness of the Baylor score in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a hospital in Lima-Peru

Objetivo: Demostrar la utilidad del score de Baylor en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta (HDA) por úlcera péptica, en términos de mortalidad y recidiva de hemorragia a 30 días de seguimiento. Material y método: Se recolectaron datos prospectivamente en un formato de registro de las historias clínicas. Los pacientes incluidos fueron aquellos que acudieron al Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú, durante el periodo de Junio del 2009 a Mayo del 2011, por hemorragia digestiva alta debido a úlcera péptica evidenciada por endoscopía. Se analizaron los datos con la curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic). Resultados: Se incluyeron 181 de 380 pacientes con HDA (47,63%), 74% fueron varones con una edad promedio de 56 años, 20 pacientes fallecieron durante el seguimiento: 8 por hemorragia digestiva y 12 por otras causas, 10 pacientes presentaron recidiva de hemorragia durante el seguimiento. Al realizar el análisis de la curva de ROC con el score de Baylor y mortalidad, se reportó un valor de área bajo la curva de 0,89 IC 95% (0,83-0,95), con recurrencia de sangrado, un valor de 0,81 IC 95% (0,68-0,93) y necesidad de transfusión de más de dos paquetes globulares, un valor de 0,79 IC 95% (0,70-0,86). Conclusiones: El score de Baylor es un buen predictor de mortalidad y recidiva del sangrado durante los primeros 30 días después del primer episodio de hemorragia digestiva alta y en menor medida para la necesidad de transfundir más de dos paquetes globulares durante la hospitalización.

Objective: To demonstrate the usefulness of the Baylor score in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB) due to peptic ulcer, in terms of mortality and recurrent bleeding at 30 days follow-up. Material and methods: This study has collected information prospectively into a registration form from medical histories. Patients included were those who came to the “Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia”, Lima, Peru, in the period between June 2009 and May 2011, with UGB due to peptic ulcer demonstrated by endoscopy. The data was analyzed with the ROC curve (Receiver Operating Characteristic). Results: We included 181 from 380 patients with UGB (47.63%), 74% were male, mean age 56 years old; 20 patients died during follow-up: 8 due to gastrointestinal bleeding and 12 from other causes, 10 patients had recurrence of bleeding during a 30 days follow-up. When performing the analysis of the ROC curve with the Baylor score and mortality, it was reported IC 95% value of 0.89 (0.83-0.95), with recurrence of bleeding an IC 95% value of 0.81 (0.68-0.93) and need for transfusion of over two globular packages an IC 95% value of 0.79 (0.70-0.86). Conclusions: Baylor score is a good predictor of mortality and recurrence of bleeding during the first 30 days after a first episode of an upper gastrointestinal bleeding and an acceptable predictor of the need to transfuse more than two globular packages during hospitalization.

Factores de riesgo asociados a la mortalidad por hemorragia digestiva alta en pacientes de un hospital público: Estudio caso control / Risk factors associated to mortality by upper GI bleeding in patients from a public hospital: A case control study

Objetivo: Determinar y establecer los factores de riesgo asociados a la mortalidad por hemorragia digestiva alta (HDA) a los 30 días posteriores al episodio en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico caso-control retrospectivo con una proporción caso: control de 1:3, analizando 180 pacientes, siendo 135 los controles y 45 los casos. Se determinó por plausibilidad biológica como posibles factores de riesgo a 14 variables, con las cuales se realizó un análisis logístico bivariado y multivariado. Resultados: Se encontró en el análisis logístico bivariado como variables relacionadas estadísticamente a la mortalidad: edad (OR=1,02), hematemesis (OR=2,57), hemorragia digestiva alta intrahospitalaria (OR=4), cirrosis (OR=2,67), neoplasia maligna (OR=5,37), ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos/Shock-Trauma (OR=9,29), score de Rockall mayor a 4 (OR=19,75), resangrado (OR=5,65), y paquetes globulares transfundidos (OR=1,22). Mientras que en el análisis logístico multivariado se encontró solamente a las variables neoplasia maligna (OR=5,35), ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos/Shock-Trauma (OR=8,29), y score de Rockall mayor a 4 (OR=8,43). Conclusiones: Los factores que aumentan el riesgo de mortalidad en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta son: un score de Rockall mayor a 4, ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos/Shock-Trauma, resangrado, hemorragia digestiva alta intrahospitalaria, cirrosis, presencia de hematemesis, neoplasia maligna, número de paquetes globulares transfundidos y edad.

Objective: Identify and establish risk factors associated with mortality secondary to upper gastrointestinal bleeding up to 30 days after the episode, at the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia. Material and methods: A retrospective analytic observational case-control study was made with a case: control proportion of 1:3, analyzing 180 patient from which 135 were the controls and 45 the cases. It was determined by biological plausibility as potential risk factors to 14 variables, with which were performed bivariate and multivariate logistic analyses. Results: It was found in the bivariate logistic analysis as variables statistically related to mortality: age (OR=1.02), hematemesis (OR=2.57), in-hospital upper gastrointestinal bleeding (OR=4), cirrhosis (OR=2.67), malignancy (OR=5,37), admittance to intensive care unit/Shock-Trauma (OR=9.29), Rockall score greater than 4 (OR=19.75), rebleeding (OR=5.65), and number of packed red blood cell transfusions(OR=1.22). While in the multivariate logistic analysis, the only variables statistically related to mortality were: malignancy (OR=5.35), admittance to intensive care unit/Shock-Trauma (OR=8.29), and Rockall score greater than 4 (OR=8.43). Conclusions: The factors that increase the risk of mortality in patient with upper gastrointestinal bleeding are: Rockall score greater than 4, admittance to intensive care unit/Shock-Trauma, rebleeding, in-hospital upper gastrointestinal bleeding, cirrhosis, hematemesis, malignancy, the number of red blood cell transfusion, and age.

[Validation of a modified version of SODA questionnaire (severity of dyspepsia assessment) adapted to Peru for evaluating evolution of symptoms severity in patients with dyspepsia]. / Modificación y validación del instrumento SODA (severity of dyspepsia assessment) adaptada al Perú para evaluar la evolución de la severidad de los síntomas en pacientes con dispepsia.

OBJECTIVES: To validate SODA (severity of dyspepsia assessment) questionnaire in our population for evaluating symptoms severity in patients with dyspepsia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Content and appearance validity were measured, and then a modified questionnaire was developed. A pilot test was made and reliability, construct validity and responsiveness were measured. RESULTS: An adequate content and appearance validity were obtained. On the pilot test, reliability of the complete questionnaire and by components had Cronbach alpha values over 0,7. Construct validity of SODA was evaluated by correlating modified SODA results with SF-36 scores using Pearson test: -0.72 (p<0.001). When we compared results of modified SODA questionnaire and the score of a question about subjective perception of the disease using Spearman test we obtained similar results: 0.72 (p<0.001). Two means of SODA questionnaire scores, before and after treatment, were compared using Student's T test, and a significant difference was found, (p<0.001) with a drop mean of 5.70 ±5.33. CONCLUSION: Modified SODA questionnaire meets all criteria of validity and it could be used to measure dyspepsia severity and its evolution in a Peruvian population.

Modificación y validación del instrumento SODA (severity of dyspepsia assessment) adaptada al Perú para evaluar la evolución de la severidad de los síntomas en pacientes con dispepsia / Validation of a modified version of SODA questionnaire (severity of dyspepsia assessment) adapted to Peru for evaluating evolution of symptoms severity in patients with dyspepsia

Objetivos: Validación del cuestionario SODA (severity of dyspepsia assessment) para evaluar la severidad de los síntomas en pacientes con dispepsia. Materiales y métodos: Se evaluó la validez de contenido y de apariencia, tras lo cual se elaboró un cuestionario modificado. Posteriormente se evaluó la consistencia interna, la validez de constructo y la sensibilidad al cambio. Resultados: Se obtuvo una validez de contenido y de apariencia adecuadas. Se obtuvo un α-Cronbach del cuestionario y por componentes superiores a 0,7. Al analizar la validez de constructo, la correlaciσn entre los valores del cuestionario SODA modificado y SF-36 fue de -0,72 (p<0,001) a través de la prueba de Pearson. Al evaluar la correlación entre el puntaje del cuestionario SODA modificado y el de percepción subjetiva de los síntomas se obtuvo un valor de 0,72 (p<0,001) mediante la prueba de Spearman. Se comparó las medias de los puntajes del cuestionario SODA modificado pre y post-tratamiento mediante la prueba de T-Student en el que se encontró una diferencia significativa (p<0,001) con un promedio de caída de 5,70±5,33. Conclusiones: El cuestionario SODA modificado cumple con los criterios de validez por lo que sirve para valorar la severidad de la dispepsia y su evolución.

Objectives: To validate SODA (severity of dyspepsia assessment) questionnaire in our population for evaluating symptoms severity in patients with dyspepsia. Materials and methods: Content and appearance validity were measured, and then a modified questionnaire was developed. A pilot test was made and reliability, construct validity and responsiveness were measured. Results: An adequate content and appearance validity were obtained. On the pilot test, reliability of the complete questionnaire and by components had Cronbach alpha values over 0,7. Construct validity of SODA was evaluated by correlating modified SODA results with SF-36 scores using Pearson test: -0.72 (p<0.001). When we compared results of modified SODA questionnaire and the score of a question about subjective perception of the disease using Spearman test we obtained similar results: 0.72 (p<0.001). Two means of SODA questionnaire scores, before and after treatment, were compared using Student’s T test, and a significant difference was found, (p<0.001) with a drop mean of 5.70 5.33. Conclusion: Modified SODA questionnaire meets all criteria of validity and it could be used to measure dyspepsia severity and its evolution in a Peruvian population.

[The usefulness of the Baylor score in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a hospital in Lima, Peru]. / Utilidad del score de Baylor en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta en un hospital de Lima, Perú

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the usefulness of the Baylor score in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB) due to peptic ulcer, in terms of mortality and recurrent bleeding at 30 days follow-up. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study has collected information prospectively into a registration form from medical histories. Patients included were those who came to the "Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia", Lima, Peru, in the period between June 2009 and May 2011, with UGB due to peptic ulcer demonstrated by endoscopy. The data was analyzed with the ROC curve (Receiver Operating Characteristic). RESULTS: We included 181 from 380 patients with UGB (47.63%), 74% were male, mean age 56 years old; 20 patients died during follow-up: 8 due to gastrointestinal bleeding and 12 from other causes, 10 patients had recurrence of bleeding during a 30 days follow-up. When performing the analysis of the ROC curve with the Baylor score and mortality, it was reported IC 95% value of 0.89 (0.83-0.95), with recurrence of bleeding an IC 95% value of 0.81 (0.68-0.93) and need for transfusion of over two globular packages an IC 95% value of 0.79 (0.70-0.86). CONCLUSIONS: Baylor score is a good predictor of mortality and recurrence of bleeding during the first 30 days after a first episode of an upper gastrointestinal bleeding and an acceptable predictor of the need to transfuse more than two globular packages during hospitalization.

["Pilot study: sequential therapy in erradicating Helicobacter pylori in the Cayetano Heredia Hospital"]. / "Estudio piloto: terapia secuencial en la erradicación del Helicobacter pylori en el Hospital Cayetano Heredia"

BACKGROUND: Sequential therapy is used as an alternative to growing antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori to the standard triple therapy. Despite the success it had in Europe, we have no information regarding this therapy in our region. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori using sequential therapy and show its adverse effects. METHODS: We performed a prospective, observational, open descriptive study. 31 patients were evaluated who were treated with sequential therapy in the following way: the first 5 days omeprazole 20 mg and amoxicillin 1 g every 12 hours and following 5 days omeprazole 20 mg, clarithromycin 500 mg and tinidazole 500 mg every 12 hours. After four weeks of treatment, each patient had a C13 urea breath test to check for eradication. RESULTS: 31 patients were included, one patient was excluded from the protocol due to adverse drug react to amoxicillin. Of the remaining 30 patients who completed treatment, 22 (73%) were negative to breath test and 8 (27%) were positive. Of the patients who completed treatment, 10 had minor adverse events to treatment, the main symptoms were epigastralgia and nausea. CONCLUSIONS: Sequential therapy had an eradication rate of 73% which is much lower than that reported in European studies. However, therapy is easily accesible with lower cost and fewer side effects tan standard therapy.

[Utility of urease rapid test for detection of Helicobacter pylori in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding from peptic ulcer]. / Utilidad del test rápido de ureasa para la detección de Helicobacter pylori en la hemorragia digestiva alta por úlcera péptica.

BACKGROUND: Peptic ulcer disease is the main cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and Helicobacter pylori is its principal etiology. The sensitivity of the diagnostics tests is low for the detection of H. pylori en the setting of bleeding peptic ulcer. In addition there are different results among them. GOAL: To validate the rapid urease test (RUT) in patients with bleeding peptic ulcer. STUDY: We prospectively included patients older than 14 years old who presented with bleeding peptic ulcer and performed diagnostic studies of RUT and histology for the detection of H. pylori. Two biopsies were taken (one from the antrum and another one from the corpus) for RUT and four biopsies (two from both antrum and corpus) for histology. RESULTS Ninety-three patients were included, gastric ulcer was the most frequent site of the bleeding. 48 patients were positive for H. pylori by histology studies and 55 patients were positive to H. pylori by RUT. The sensitivity and specificity of the RUT were 89.6% (IC 77.3-96.5) y 73.3% (IC 58.0-85.4) respectively. CONCLUSION: The RUT has a high sensitivity for the detection of H. pylori en the setting of bleeding peptic ulcer.

[Hemoconcentration, Apache II and Ranson as early predictors of severity in patients with acute pancreatitis in a hospital in Lima - Peru]. / Hemoconcentración, Apache II y Ranson como predictores tempranos de severidad en pacientes con diagnóstico de pancreatitis aguda en un Hospital de Lima - Perú

OBJECTIVE: Compare hemoconcetration, APACHE II and Ranson scores as early predictors of severity defined by Atlanta criteria in patients with acute pancreatitis at Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective descriptive study between December 2009 to November 2010 done using a data collection sheet to gather study relevant information. We classified acute pancreatitis into mild or severe according to Atlanta symposium criteria for organ failure and/or local complications. Comparison of hematocrit values was made using a t Student test to detect a significant difference and the area below the ROC curve was analyzed. RESULTS: Counting with 151 patients, 103 women (68.2%), with mean age of 45.5 ± 19.17 years, 112 mild pancreatitis (74.2%) and 39 severe (25.8%). Mean hematocrit in mild cases was 38.40 ± 4.77% and 39.78 ± 7.35% in severe group with p equal to 0.182. Area below the ROC curve of 0.89 y 0.68 for APACHE II and Ranson scores respectively. CONCLUSION: Hemoconcentration and Ranson proved not to be as useful as APACHE II score in predicting severity in acute pancreatitis.

Utilidad del test rápido de ureasa para la detección de helicobacter pylori en la hemorragia digestiva alta por úlcera péptica / Utility of urease rapid test for detection of helicobacter pylori in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding from peptic ulcer

INTRODUCCIÓN: La enfermedad ulcerosa péptica es la principal causa de hemorragia digestiva alta (HDA), siendo la infección por Helicobacter pylori su principal etiología. La sensibilidad de los métodos diagnósticos es menor para la detección de H. pylori en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta, existiendo significativa variación entre ellos. OBJETIVO: Validar el test rápido de ureasa (TRU) en pacientes con HDA. MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron prospectivamente pacientes mayores de 14 años que presentaron HDA por úlcera péptica y que tuvieron estudios histológicos y TRU para la búsqueda deH. pylori. Se tomó como prueba de oro la histología. Se tomaron una biopsia de antro y otra de cuerpo para el TRU y dos de antro y dos de cuerpo para la histología. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 93 pacientes siendo la principal etiología la úlcera gástrica. Se diagnosticó H. pylori en 48 pacientes según la histología y 55 pacientes tuvieron resultado positivo según el TRU. La sensibilidad y especificidad calculada para el TRU fueron de 89.6% (IC 77.3-96.5) y 73.3% (IC 58.0-85.4) respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: El TRU tiene una alta sensibilidad para la detección de H. pylori en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta por enfermedad ulcerosa péptica.

BACKGROUND: Peptic ulcer disease is the main cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and Helicobacter pylori is its principal etiology. The sensitivity of the diagnostics tests is low for the detection of H. pylori en the setting of bleeding peptic ulcer. In addition there are different results among them. GOAL: To validate the rapid urease test (RUT) in patients with bleeding peptic ulcer.STUDY: We prospectively included patients older than 14 years old who presented with bleeding peptic ulcer and performed diagnostic studies of RUT and histology for the detection of H. pylori. Two biopsies were taken (one from the antrum and another one from the corpus) for RUT and four biopsies (two from both antrum and corpus) for histology. RESULTS Ninety-three patients were included, gastric ulcer was the most frequent site of the bleeding. 48 patients were positive for H. pylori by histology studies and 55 patients were positive to H. pylori by RUT. The sensitivity and specificity of the RUT were 89.6% (IC 77.3-96.5) y 73.3% (IC 58.0-85.4) respectively. CONCLUSION: The RUT has a high sensitivity for the detection of H. pylori en the setting of bleeding peptic ulcer.

Estudio piloto: terapia secuencial en la erradicación del helicobacter pylori en el Hospital Cayetano Heredia / Pilot study: sequential therapy in erradicating helicobacter pylori in the Cayetano Heredia Hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN: La terapia secuencial nace como una alternativa a la creciente resistencia antibiótica del Helicobacter pylori (HP) a la terapia triple (estándar). A pesar de los resultados satisfactorios que ha tenido en Europa, en nuestro medio no tenemos referencia de un estudio al respecto. OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la tasa de erradicación del Helicobacter pylori empleando la terapia secuencial y evidenciar sus efectos adversos. METODOLOGÍA: Se realiza un estudio prospectivo, observacional, descriptivo, abierto. Se evaluaron 31 pacientes que recibieron tratamiento con terapia secuencial de la siguiente forma, los 5 primeros días omeprazol 20 mg y amoxicilina de 1 g cada 12 horas y los 5 días siguientes omeprazol 20 mg, claritromicina 500 mg y tinidazol de 500 mg cada 12 horas. A las 4 semanas de terminado el tratamiento se le realizó a cada paciente una prueba de aliento con carbono 13 para comprobar la erradicación del HP. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron a 31 pacientes, un paciente fue excluido del protocolo por presentar RAM a la amoxicilina. De los 30 pacientes restantes que completaron el tratamiento, 22 (73%) resultaron negativos en la prueba del aliento y 8 (27%) resultaron positivos. De los pacientes que completaron el tratamiento, 10 presentaron eventos adversos menores al tratamiento, principalmente epigastralgia y náuseas. CONCLUSIONES: La terapia secuencial tuvo una tasa de erradicación del 73% la cual es mucho menor a la reportada en los estudios europeos. Sin embargo, es una terapia de fácil acceso, de menor costo y con menores efectos colaterales.

BACKGROUND: Sequential therapy is used as an alternative to growing antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori to the standard triple therapy. Despite the success it had in Europe, we have no information regarding this therapy in our region. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori using sequential therapy and show its adverse effects. METHODS: We performed a prospective, observational, open descriptive study. 31 patients were evaluated who were treated with sequential therapy in the following way: the first 5 days omeprazole 20 mg and amoxicillin 1 g every 12 hours and following 5 days omeprazole 20 mg, clarithromycin 500 mg and tinidazole 500 mg every 12 hours. After four weeks of treatment, each patient had a C13 urea breath test to check for eradication.RESULTS: 31 patients were included, one patient was excluded from the protocol due to adverse drug react to amoxicillin. Of the remaining 30 patients who completed treatment, 22 (73%) were negative to breath test and 8 (27%) were positive. Of the patients who completed treatment, 10 had minor adverse events to treatment, the main symptoms were epigastralgia and nausea. CONCLUSIONS: Sequential therapy had an eradication rate of 73% which is much lower than that reported in European studies. However, therapy is easily accesible with lower cost and fewer side effects tan standard therapy.

Hemoconcentración, apache II y ranson como predictores tempranos de severidad en pacientes con diagnóstico de pancreatitis aguda en un Hospital de Lima - Perú / Hemoconcentration, apache II and ranson as early predictors of severity in patients with acute pancreatitis in a hospital in Lima - Peru

OBJETIVO: Comparar hemoconcentración y sistemas de puntuación APACHE II y Ranson como predictores tempranos de severidad determinada por criterios de Atlanta en pacientes con diagnóstico de Pancreatitis Aguda en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo entre diciembre del 2009 a noviembre del 2010 con una ficha de recolección de datos para obtener la información relevante. Se clasificó los cuadros de pancreatitis aguda en leve y severa en base a los criterios de falla orgánica y/o complicaciones locales según el Simposio de Atlanta. Para la comparación del valor de hematocrito se realizó la prueba t de Student para evaluar una diferencia significativa y se elaboró la curva ROC para las áreas bajo la curva. RESULTADOS: Ingresaron al estudio 151 pacientes, 103 mujeres (68.2%), edad promedio de 45.5 ± 19.17 años, 112 pancreatitis leves (74.2%) y 39 severas (25.8%). El hematocrito promedio en los casos leves fue de 38.40 ± 4.77%, y 39.78 ± 7.35% en los severos con p igual a 0.182. Se encontró un área bajo la curva de 0.89 y 0.68 para score APACHE II y Ranson, respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: Hemoconcentración y Ranson no son buenos predictores de severidad comparados con el APACHE II en Pancreatitis Aguda.

OBJECTIVE: Compare hemoconcetration, APACHE II and Ranson scores as early predictors of severity defined by Atlanta criteria in patients with acute pancreatitis at Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective descriptive study between December 2009 to November 2010 done using a data collection sheet to gather study relevant information. We classified acute pancreatitis into mild or severe according to Atlanta symposium criteria for organ failure and/or local complications. Comparison of hematocrit values was made using a t Student test to detect a significant difference and the area below the ROC curve was analyzed. RESULTS: Counting with 151 patients, 103 women (68.2%), with mean age of 45.5 ± 19.17 years, 112 mild pancreatitis (74.2%) and 39 severe (25.8%). Mean hematocrit in mild cases was 38.40 ± 4.77% and 39.78 ± 7.35% in severe group with p equal to 0.182. Area below the ROC curve of 0.89 y 0.68 for APACHE II and Ranson scores respectively. CONCLUSION: Hemoconcentration and Ranson proved not to be as useful as APACHE II score in predicting severity in acute pancreatitis.

["Influence of eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia in a hospital of Lima"]. / "Influencia de la Erradicación de Helicobacter pylori en Pacientes con Dispepsia no UlcerosA en un Hospital de Lima".

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether erradication of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection from gastric mucosae is associated with changes in symptoms severity and satisfaction degree in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD). METHODS: Prospective cohort study in patients with NUD and HP infection that were evaluated for six months following treatment, made up of 70 HP Negative patients in whom HP infection was erradicated, and 28 HP Positive patients in whom infection was not eradicated following treatment. Dyspeptic symptoms were assessed using SODA scale. RESULTS: There was significant differences on decrease of pain (RR= 0.6, IC 90%: 0.47 -0.78) and non-pain symptoms intensity (RR= 0.5, IC 90%: 0.39 - 0.67), as well as on increase on degree of satisfaction (RR= 3.28, IC 90%: 2.86 - 3.75) among HP Negative patients group with regards to HP Positive patients at sixth month. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with nonulcer dyspepsia, erradication of HP infection is associated with decrease in symptoms intensity and increase on degree of satisfaction six month after treatment.

[Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding as initial presentation of Crohn's disease diagnosed by small intestinal capsule endoscopy]. / Hemoragia Digestiva Oscura como presentación inicial de Enfermedad de Crohn del Intestino Delgado diagnosticada por Cápsula Endoscópica.

The present case illustrates a patient with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding which MiroCam capsule endoscopy showed erosions and ulcers from distal jejunum to ileum. Considering that ileal ulcers where closer to ileocecal valve, ileoscopy was repeated. Diagnosis with new biopsies was Crohn disease. Capsule endoscopy is an innovative technology, which let us have high resolution color pictures through gastrointestinal tract for more effective and diagnostic view of small bowel in a minimal invasive way. New guidelines in obscure GI bleeding agreed that initial diagnostic imaging of the small bowel should be performed using capsule endoscopy. Ballon assisted enteroscopy, angiography and laparoscopy should be used as a follow-up procedure for targeted endoscopic treatment or for obtaining histopathological diagnosis.

Influencia de la erradicación de Helicobacter pylori en pacientes con dispepsia no ulcerosa en un hospital de Lima / Influence of eradication of helicobacter Pylori in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia in a 25 hospital of Lima

Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre la erradicación de la infección gástrica por Helicobacter pylori (HP) y los cambios de intensidad de síntomas dispépticos y del nivel de satisfacción en pacientes con dispepsia no ulcerosa (DNU). Métodos: Estudio de cohortes prospectivo en pacientes con DNU e infección con HP evaluados durante 6 meses posteriores al tratamiento anti HP. Constituido por 70 pacientesHP Negativo, quienes erradicaron el HP después del tratamiento, y 28 pacientes HP Positivo, quienes no erradicaron la infección. Los síntomas dispépticos se evaluaron con la escala SODA. Resultados : Hubo diferencias significativas en la disminución de la intensidad del dolor (RR= 0.6, IC 90 por ciento: 0.47 -0.78) y de síntomas tipo no dolorosos (RR= 0.5, IC 90 por ciento: 0.39 û 0.67), así como en el aumento del grado de satisfacción (RR= 3.28, IC 90 por ciento: 2,86- 3,75) en el grupo HP Negativo respecto al grupo HP Positivo sólo a los seis meses de terminado el tratamiento. Conclusiones: En pacientes con dispepsia no ulcerosa, la erradicación de la infección por HP se asocia a la disminución de la intensidad de los síntomas y al aumento del nivel desatisfacción personal al sexto mes de terminar el tratamiento.

Objective: To determine whether erradication of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection from gastric mucosae is associated with changes in symptoms severity and satisfaction degree inpatients with non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD). Methods: Prospective cohort study in patients with NUD and HP infection that were evaluatedfor six months following treatment, made up of 70 HP Negative patients in whom HP infection was erradicated, and 28 HP Positive patients in whom infection was not eradicated followingtreatment. Dyspeptic symptoms were assessed using SODA scale.Results : There was significant differences on decrease of pain (RR= 0.6, IC 90 percent: 0.47 -0.78)and non-pain symptoms intensity (RR= 0.5, IC 90 percent: 0.39 û 0.67), as well as on increase on degree of satisfaction (RR= 3.28, IC 90 percent: 2.86 û 3.75) among HP Negative patients group with regards to HP Positive patients at sixth month.Conclusions: In patients with nonulcer dyspepsia, erradication of HP infection is associated with decrease in symptoms intensity and increase on degree of satisfaction six month after treatment.

Hemorragia digestiva oscura como presentación inicial de enfermedad de Crohn del intestino delgado diagnosticada por cápsula endoscópica / Obscure gastrointestinal bleding as initial presentation of Crohn's disease diagnosed by smal intestinal capsule endoscopy

Presentamos el caso de una paciente con sangrado digestivo oscuro que la cápsula endoscópica MiroCam® (CE) demostró lesiones erosivas y ulcerativas que comprometían yeyuno distal e ileón. Esto orientó a repertir la ileoscopía para biopsiar y precisar el diagnóstico de Enfermedad de Crohn. La cápsula endoscópica es una tecnología innovadora que nos permite tener fotografías de alta resolución a lo largo del tracto digestivo para un diagnóstico más preciso de patologías del intestino delgado de una manera mínimamente invasiva. Actualmente, las guías en sangrado oscuro aconsejan realizar el estudio de cápsula endoscópica antes de otros métodos más complejos. La enteroscopía asistida por balón, angiografía o laparoscopía deberían ser realizados teniendo en consideración los resultados obtenidos por CE con la finalidad de realizar terapéutica u obtener biopsias.

The present case illustrates a patient with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding which MiroCam® capsule endoscopy showed erosions and ulcers from distal jejunum to ileum. Considering that ileal ulcers where closer to ileocecal valve, ileoscopy was repeated. Diagnosis with new biopsies was Crohn disease. Capsule endoscopy is an innovative technology, which let us have high resolution color pictures through gastrointestinal tract for more effective and diagnostic view of small bowel in a minimal invasive way. New guidelines in obscure GI bleeding agreed that initial diagnostic imaging of the smallbowel should be performed using capsule endoscopy. Ballon assisted enteroscopy, angiography and laparoscopy should be used as a follow-up procedure for targeted endoscopic treatment or for obtaining histopathological diagnosis.

[Prospective validation of the Rockall Scoring System in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding in Cayetano Heredia Hospital Lima- Peru]. / Estudio prospectivo de validacion del Sistema de Score de Rockall en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia De Lima- Peru.

INTRODUCTION: The present study intends to validate the Rockall Score in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB) in our current medical setting and to find the value that best discriminates between patients with high or low risk of mortality, rebleeding and the need of more than two units of packed red blood cells (PRBC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive prospective study was made from patients who arrived to Cayetano Heredia Hospital's emergency department between February 2007 and January 2008 due to UGB symptoms (hematemesis, coffe ground remit melena or hematoquezia). The Rockall score was used to determine severity of UGB and to stratify patients with higher risk of mortality or rebleeding. All patients were interviewed and any additional information was gathered from medical history records and emergency and hospitalization endoscopic procedure reports. During the study all patients were evaluated for rebleeding, the number of units of PRBCs needed and mortality rate. RESULTS: 163 patients were included in our study, 107 (65.64%) were male and 56 (34.36%) female, 8 were excluded due to lack of an endoscopic procedure. The remaining 155 patients were studied to evaluate the discriminative ability of the scoring system, and to determine which value best distinguishes high and low severity patients using Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC) and calculated area under the curve. The data analysis showed patients with a Rockall Score e 5 had an increased mortality rate compared to lower score with an area under the curve of 0.807, meaning an accurate relationship between mortality and a score e 5. For rebleeding and the need of two packed red blood cells for transfusion, the area under the curve were 0.65 and 0.64 respectively showing a low predictive value. CONCLUSION: The Rockall scoring system is useful to identify patients with high mortality risk, but not to predict rebleeding or the need for blood transfusion in our hospital.