ABSTRACT
Elevated levels of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are among the factors associated with an increased resistance of tumors to a variety of antineoplastic drugs. Hence a major advancement to overcome GST-mediated detoxification of antineoplastic drugs is the development of GST inhibitors. Two such agents have been synthesized and tested on the human Alpha, Mu and Pi GST classes, which are the most representative targets for inhibitor design. The novel fluorescent glutathione S-conjugate L-gamma-glutamyl-(S-9-fluorenylmethyl)-L-cysteinyl-glycine (4) has been found to be a highly potent inhibitor of human GSTA1-1 in vitro (IC50=0.11+/-0.01 microM). The peptide is also able to inhibit GSTP1-1 and GSTM2-2 isoenzymes efficiently. The backbone-modified analog L-gamma-(gamma-oxa)glutamyl-(S-9-fluorenylmethyl)-L-cysteinyl-glycine (6), containing an urethanic junction as isosteric replacement of the gamma-glutamyl-cysteine peptide bond, has been developed as gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-resistant mimic of 4 and evaluated in the same inhibition tests. The pseudopeptide 6 was shown to inhibit the GSTA1-1 protein, albeit to a lesser extent than the lead compound, with no effect on the activity of the isoenzymes belonging to the Mu and Pi classes. The comparative loss in biological activity consequent to the isosteric change confirms that the gamma-glutamyl moiety plays an important role in modulating the affinity of the ligands addressed to interact with GSH-dependent proteins. The new specific inhibitors may have a potential in counteracting tumor-protective effects depending upon GSTA1-1 activity.
Subject(s)
Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Glutathione Transferase/antagonists & inhibitors , Glutathione/pharmacology , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Fluorenes/chemistry , Fluorenes/pharmacology , Glutathione/analogs & derivatives , Glutathione/chemistry , Glutathione S-Transferase pi/antagonists & inhibitors , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Isoenzymes/antagonists & inhibitors , Molecular Structure , Structure-Activity RelationshipSubject(s)
Fallopian Tube Diseases/pathology , Fallopian Tubes/pathology , Animals , Female , Ligation , Microsurgery , Rabbits , Time FactorsSubject(s)
Factor XIII , Femoral Artery/surgery , Femoral Vein/surgery , Fibrinogen , Thrombin , Animals , Drug Combinations , Fibrin Tissue Adhesive , Humans , Male , Microsurgery , Rats , Rats, Inbred StrainsSubject(s)
Alcoholism/psychology , Personality , Social Adjustment , Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/psychology , Adult , Humans , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Following a brief analysis of the problem of hospital infections, the results of a review of 312 antibiograms carried out in the General Medicine Division of Cuneo's S. Croce Hospital in 1979 are reported.
