ABSTRACT
Tumor cells extensively utilize the pentose phosphate pathway for the synthesis of ribose. Transketolase is a key enzyme in this pathway and has been suggested as a target for inhibition in the treatment of cancer. In a pharmacodynamic study, nude mice with xenografted HCT-116 tumors were dosed with 1 ('N3'-pyridyl thiamine'; 3-(6-methyl-2-amino-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-5-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-4-methyl-thiazol-3-ium chloride hydrochloride), an analog of thiamine, the co-factor of transketolase. Transketolase activity was almost completely suppressed in blood, spleen, and tumor cells, but there was little effect on the activity of the other thiamine-utilizing enzymes alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase or glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Synthesis and SAR of transketolase inhibitors is described.
Subject(s)
Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Thiamine/analogs & derivatives , Thiamine/antagonists & inhibitors , Transketolase/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Colonic Neoplasms/enzymology , Crystallography, X-Ray , Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase/metabolism , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex/metabolism , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Mice , Mice, Nude , Molecular Structure , Oxythiamine/antagonists & inhibitors , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Spleen/drug effects , Spleen/enzymology , Structure-Activity Relationship , Xenograft Model Antitumor AssaysABSTRACT
Inhibition of the thiamine-utilizing enzyme transketolase (TK) has been linked with diminished tumor cell proliferation. Most thiamine antagonists have a permanent positive charge on the B-ring, and it has been suggested that this charge is required for diphosphorylation by thiamine pyrophosphokinase (TPPK) and binding to TK. We sought to make neutral thiazolium replacements that would be substrates for TPPK, while not necessarily needing thiamine transporters (ThTr1 and ThTr2) for cell penetration. The synthesis, SAR, and structure-based rationale for highly potent non-thiazolium TK antagonists are presented.