A Randomized Controlled Study of a Cognitive Behavioral Planning Intervention for College Students With ADHD: An Effectiveness Study in Student Counseling Services in Flanders.

Objective: The effectiveness of a short (six session) individual cognitive behavioral planning intervention for college students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was tested. Method: In three student counseling services in Flanders, individuals with ADHD (N = 58) were randomized to the intervention or waitlist condition. Pre- and posttreatment assessments were conducted, and within the intervention group, a 4-month follow-up was conducted. Primary outcomes were ADHD symptoms and study skills; secondary outcomes were comorbid symptoms and planning skills on a neuropsychological task. Results: Intent-to-treat analyses showed a significant interaction on one outcome: inattention symptoms. The treatment condition improved from pretest to posttest, whereas the waitlist did not. Other measures showed large significant time effects (improved skills, reduction of symptoms in both groups) but no interactions. Stability analyses were not possible due to substantial dropout at follow-up. Conclusion: Specific treatment effects are on one outcome (inattention) and modest; for further implementation, the treatment needs adaptation.

Growth and survival kinetics of Yersinia enterocolitica IP 383 0:9 as affected by equimolar concentrations of undissociated short-chain organic acids.

The influence of different organic acids (lactic, acetic, formic and propionic acids) at equimolar concentrations of undissociated acid with pH range of 3.9, 5.8, on the aerobic and anaerobic growth and survival kinetics of the virulent strain of Y. enterocolitica IP 383 0:9, was determined in tryptone soy broth at 4 degrees C. Growth and survival data were analyzed and fitted by a modification of the Whiting and Cygnarowicz-Provost model, using the Minpack software library. Initial generation times, initial specific growth rates, lag time and dead rate were subsequently calculated from the model parameters. The results demonstrate that the inhibitory effects of the acids were divided into two categories dependent upon pH. At high pH (5.8) the order of inhibition was formic acid > acetic acid > propionic acid > lactic acid, whereas at lower pH it became formic acid > lactic acid > acetic acid > propionic acid. The inhibitory effect of lactic acid is enhanced under anaerobic condition. Nevertheless, when the organism was cultured anaerobically, it was shown to be more tolerant to formic and acetic acids. Moreover, these variables (type of organic acid, pH and atmosphere) did not lead to the loss of the virulence plasmid in growing and surviving cells. The mechanism of inhibitory effect for each of the acids are also discussed.

Kinetics of interactions of lactic acid, pH and atmosphere on the growth and survival of Yersinia enterocolitica IP 383 O:9 at 4 degrees C.

The influence of different lactic acid concentrations (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1% v/v), within pH range of 3.9 to 5.8 on the aerobic and anaerobic growth and survival kinetics of the virulent strain of Y. enterocolitica IP 383 O:9, was determined in Tryptone Soy Broth at 4 degrees C. Growth and survival data were analyzed and fitted by a modification of the Whiting and Cygnarowicz-Provost model, using the Minpack software library. Initial generation times, initial specific growth rates, lag times and death rates were subsequently calculated from the model parameters. The stability of the virulence plasmid in growing and surviving cells was examined using crystal violet binding, low-calcium response and congo red uptake. The results demonstrate the dependancy of the growth and survival kinetics on the interaction between the three variables. The effect of lactic acid on Y. enterocolitica is greater under anaerobic than aerobic conditions. Nevertheless, the organism was found to be more tolerant of low pH conditions under anaerobic atmosphere than under an aerobic atmosphere in the absence of lactic acid. The interaction between the variables did not lead to loss of the virulence plasmid in growing or non-growing cells.