Scale of pregnant women's assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice related to urinary incontinence.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Urinary incontinence (UI) is prevalent during pregnancy and negatively affects quality of life. Despite this, few women seek professional assistance during prenatal care. Assessing the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of pregnant women related to UI can contribute to the development and improvement of the quality of interventions performed during this period. For this, it is essential to apply targeted and valid instruments for this population. Thus, the present study aimed to construct and validate the content of a scale to evaluate the KAP of pregnant women related to UI. METHODS: Extensive literature review guided the operationalization of the instrument's initial items. Ten experts were selected for the theoretical analysis of the items, which was carried out using the Delphi technique, and the analysis of semantic adequacy proceeded from the application of the scale to 30 pregnant women. The data were analyzed using the content validity coefficient and kappa coefficient. RESULTS: The proposed Scale of Pregnant Women's Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice related to UI was approved by consensus by the experts, with a mean Cohen's kappa of 0.84 (p < 0.01), comprising 23 items. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study confirm that the presented scale can be used as a valid tool to assess the KAP of pregnant women related to UI.

A systematic review of the prevalence, risk factors, and impact of pelvic floor dysfunctions in nurses.

AIM: To investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and impact of pelvic floor dysfunctions in female nurses. DESIGN: A systematic review. DATA SOURCES: Searches were conducted in the following five electronic databases: PubMed/Medline, LILACS, SCIELO, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL. There were no period or language limitations. REVIEW METHODS: Data extraction and synthesis were conducted and the appraisal of the quality of the studies was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool checklist for prevalence data. RESULTS: A total of 15 studies were included. The symptoms investigated were lower urinary tract symptoms, including urinary incontinence and its subtypes, sexual dysfunctions, constipation, faecal incontinence, and dual incontinence. Overall, prevalence ranged from 9.9% to 89.6%. Associated factors related to occupational roles were lifting heavy weights and poor bladder habits. Quality of life was significantly worse for nurses with pelvic floor disorders. CONCLUSION: Pelvic floor dysfunctions are very common among female nurses, considerably affecting their quality of life. Additional studies are needed to investigate the impact on work productivity, causal relationships with the occupation and the performance of prevention and treatment interventions directed toward this population.

The Effect of Pelvic Floor Muscle Contraction on Detrusor Overactivity Pressure in Neurogenic and Nonneurogenic Women During Urodynamic Study: A Cross-Sectional Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to investigate whether detrusor overactivity can be influenced by a pelvic floor muscle contraction in multiple sclerosis-associated overactive bladder and idiopathic overactive bladder volunteers and to compare urodynamic findings between the two groups. DESIGN: Eighteen women with multiple sclerosis-associated overactive bladder and 17 women with overactive bladder responded the overactive bladder V8 questionnaire and performed urodynamic study with electromyography of pelvic floor muscle to confirm the presence of a 15-sec pelvic floor muscle contraction during a detrusor overactivity, when present. Variables were the following: overactive bladder-V8 questionnaire, maximum cystometric capacity, volume at first detrusor overactivity, maximum detrusor overactivity amplitude, and percentage of detrusor overactivity pressure reduction. RESULTS: All participants had a reduction in detrusor overactivity pressure when pelvic floor muscle contraction was requested. Multiple sclerosis-associated overactive bladder group showed significant higher detrusor overactivity amplitude than overactive bladder group (P = 0.02). Overactive bladder group had their detrusor overactivity pressure reduced in a greater extent when compared with multiple sclerosis-associated overactive bladder group (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that pelvic floor muscle contraction is able to reduce detrusor overactivity pressure in multiple sclerosis-associated overactive bladder and overactive bladder population.

"The use of educational strategies for promotion of knowledge, attitudes and contraceptive practices among teenagers - A randomized clinical trial".

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate two educational interventions and identify differences between them in what concerns the promotion of knowledge, attitudes and practices in relation to the pill and male condom. METHODS: A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted with teenagers, in which two different educational interventions were used, one based on the methodology of problematization (PG) and another on the pedagogy of transmission (TG). Knowledge, attitudes and practices were verified through a questionnaire applied before, one month and three months after the intervention. RESULTS: The two educational interventions promoted positive changes in the answers to questions on the knowledge, attitudes and practices of adolescents, from both groups. In what concerns knowledge, performance when answering the questionnaire was better after the intervention for both. However, only the PG showed improvements in performance over time. The TG showed a higher chance of displaying certain positive attitudes and more chances of correct answers about some practices. CONCLUSION: The two educational interventions, despite having used different methodologies, have generally been proved to be effective for teaching about the pill and condom use, with positive impacts on knowledge, attitudes and practices, but with the methodology of problematization, the maintenance of knowledge in the time period studied was obtained.

Suporte aos pais que vivenciam a perda d filho neonato: revisão de literatura / Soporte a los padres que vivencian la pérdida del hijo neonato: revisión de literatura / Support for Parents who Experience the Loss of a Newborn Child: A Literature Review

RESUMO Objetivos: investigar e discutir publicações acerca do suporte relacionado ao luto de pais que vivenciam a perda do filho neonato. Material e método: revisão crítica de literatura com busca nas bases de dados CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, PsycINFO e Scopus, de artigos publicados entre janeiro de 2010 e julho de 2017, utilizando análise temática para o tratamento dos dados coletados. Resultados: foram construídas três categorias temáticas: 1) apoio e suporte aos pais que vivenciam a experiência da perda do filho neonato; 2) sentimentos dos pais ante situações de morte e desfechos do luto e 3) participação dos pais no processo de tratamento e prognóstico do filho. Foram destacadas algumas necessidades: melhor preparo dos profissionais, comunicação adequada, formação de memória do neonato, envolvimento dos pais no processo de morte. Conclusões: a diversidade cultural na experiência de luto fica evidente e deve ser considerada no cuidado ao enlutado; a continuação do vínculo com familiares após o processo de morte/morrer do neonato pode ser fonte de prevenção de transtornos durante o luto. Refletir sobre diretrizes, políticas e formação curricular ampliada pode trazer diferencial à equipe de saúde na assistência ao luto e, portanto, à saúde mental.

RESUMEN Objetivos: investigar y discutir publicaciones acerca del soporte relacionado al duelo de padres que vivencian la pérdida del hijo neonato. Material y método: revisión crítica de literatura con búsqueda en las bases de datos CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, PsycINFO y Scopus, de artículos publicados entre enero del 2010 y julio del 2017, utilizando análisis temática para el tratamiento de los datos recolectados. Resultados: se diseñaron tres categorías temáticas: 1) apoyo y soporte a los padres que vivencian la experiencia de la pérdida del hijo neonato; 2) sentimientos de los padres ante situaciones de muerte y duelo, y 3) participación de los padres en el proceso de tratamiento y pronóstico del hijo. Se destacaron algunas necesidades: mejor preparo de los profesionales, comunicación adecuada; formación de memoria del neonato, vínculo de los padres en el proceso de muerte. Conclusiones: se evidencia la diversidad cultural en la experiencia de duelo, la que se debe considerar en el cuidado al enlutado; la continuidad del vínculo con familiares luego del proceso de muerte/morir del neonato puede ser fuente de prevención de trastornos durante el duelo. Reflexionar sobre directrices, políticas y formación curricular ampliada puede traer diferencial al equipo de salud en la asistencia al duelo y, por ende, a la salud mental.

ABSTRACT Objectives: research and discuss publications on support for grieving parents who have lost a newborn child. Materials and method: The CINAHL, Embassy, PubMed, PsycINFO and Scopus databases were searched for a critical review of literature. The focus was on articles published between January 2010 and July 2017. The collected data were subject to a thematic analysis. Results: Three thematic categories were created: 1) support and assistance for parents who experience the loss of a newborn child; 2) the feelings of parents in situations involving death and grief; and 3) participation of the parents in their child's treatment and prognosis. Several needs were highlighted; namely, better preparation on the part of medical professionals, adequate communication, formation of a memory of the newborn, the parental bond in the process of death. Conclusions: Cultural diversity is evident in the mourning experience and should be taken into account when caring for the mourner. The continuity of the bond with family members after the death / dying process involving a newborn can help to prevent disorders during grief. Reflecting on guidelines, policies and expanded curricular training can make a difference for the health team in terms of assistance during grief and also when it comes to mental health.

Use of the Portuguese version of the educational material "your pelvic floor" among Brazilian teenagers.

AIMS: To evaluate the use of the Portuguese version of the booklet "Your Pelvic Floor" as educational material, among Brazilian teenagers. The original version in English, directed to teenage audience, was developed by members of the Association for Continence Advice, in 2009. METHODS: This quasi-experimental study was carried out at a non-governmental organization (NGO, São Paulo, Brazil) that develops continuing education programs for low-income girls aged eight to eighteen years old. A questionnaire with five questions was developed and validated by experts to measure the efficacy of the booklet "Your Pelvic Floor" on the learning of teenagers. After this, teenagers underwent three steps: pre-test, reading educational material and post-test, using the developed questionnaire to evaluate the knowledge about pelvic floor before and after reading the booklet. RESULTS: Sixteen teenagers volunteered to participate. The number of correct answers to the questionnaire was significantly higher (P < 0.01) after reading the educational material, in all questions. CONCLUSIONS: The educational material "Your pelvic floor" was shown to be effective in teaching teenagers about the pelvic floor. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:62-64, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Pelvic Floor Muscle Training With and Without Electrical Stimulation in the Treatment of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Women With Multiple Sclerosis.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intravaginal neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (TTNS) on lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and health-related quality of life in women undergoing pelvic floor muscle (PFM) training (PFMT) with multiple sclerosis (MS) and to compare the efficacy of these 2 approaches. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. METHODS: Thirty women with MS and LUTS were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 groups and received treatment for 12 weeks. Ten women in group 1 received PFMT with electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback and sham NMES. Ten women in group 2 underwent PFMT with EMG biofeedback and intravaginal NMES, and 10 subjects in group 3 received PFMT with EMG biofeedback and TTNS. Multiple assessments, performed before and after treatment, included a 24-hour pad test, 3-day bladder diary, assessment of PFM function (strength and muscle tone), urodynamic studies, and validated questionnaires including Overactive Bladder Questionnaire (OAB-V8), International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF), and Qualiveen instrument. RESULTS: All groups showed reductions in pad weight, frequency of urgency and urge urinary incontinence episodes, improvement in all domains of the PFM assessment, and lower scores on the OAB-V8 and ICIQ-SF questionnaires following treatment. Subjects in group 2 achieved significantly greater improvement in PFM tone, flexibility, ability to relax PFMs, and OAB-V8 scores when compared to subjects in groups 1 and 3. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that PFMT alone or in combination with intravaginal NMES or TTNS is effective in the treatment of LUTS in patients with MS. The combination of PFMT and NMES offers some advantage in the reduction of PFM tone and symptoms of overactive bladder.

Test-retest reliability and discriminant validity for the Brazilian version of "The Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Index and Problem Index" and "Pelvic Pain and Urgency/Frequency (PUF) Patient Symptom Scale" instruments.

BACKGROUND: The purpose is to evaluate the psychometric properties of reliability and discriminant validity of the Brazilian Portuguese versions of two instruments used in the diagnosis of interstitial cystitis (IC): "The Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Index and Problem Index" (The O'Leary-Sant), and "Pelvic Pain and Urgency/Frequency (PUF) Patient Symptom Scale". METHODS: Three groups of patients were examined: a study group (subjects with IC), control group 1 (individuals with at least one IC symptom), and control group 2 (subjects without IC symptoms). Test-retest stability was evaluated at intervals of 3 to 7 days in the study group. Discriminant validity was examined in all three groups. RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) [95% confidence interval (CI)] results were 0.56 (range, 0.21-0.78) for The O'Leary-Sant Symptom Index, 0.48 (range, 0.10-0.73) for The O'Leary-Sant Problem Index, and 0.49 (range, 0.12-0.74) for the PUF. To analyze discriminant validity between groups, we used Fisher's exact test and odd ratio (OR) to identify differences. We obtained a P value<0.0001, which indicated that the null hypothesis was rejected; in other words, there was evidence that at least two different groups were compared to the proportion of patients with IC. CONCLUSIONS: The analyzed instruments did not reach appropriate values for reliability. Future studies are needed to analyze the psychometric measures of these instruments on a larger sample of patients with IC.

[The development and evaluation of software to verify diagnostic accuracy]. / Desenvolvimento e avaliação de um software que verifica a acurácia diagnóstica.

This article describes the development and evaluation of software that verifies the accuracy of diagnoses made by nursing students. The software was based on a model that uses fuzzy logic concepts, including PERL, the MySQL database for Internet accessibility, and the NANDA-I 2007-2008 classification system. The software was evaluated in terms of its technical quality and usability through specific instruments. The activity proposed in the software involves four stages in which students establish the relationship values between nursing diagnoses, defining characteristics/risk factors and clinical cases. The relationship values determined by students are compared to those of specialists, generating performance scores for the students. In the evaluation, the software demonstrated satisfactory outcomes regarding the technical quality and, according to the students, helped in their learning and may become an educational tool to teach the process of nursing diagnosis.

Life experiences of Brazilian men with urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction following radical prostatectomy.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to explore the psychosocial meaning and repercussions on lifestyle associated with erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence (UI) in men following radical prostatectomy. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: Ten men from Southeastern Brazil who underwent radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer were interviewed. All participants underwent treatment at a urology clinic during the period of September 2007 to February 2009. METHODS: A clinical-qualitative study was conducted, using semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions. All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Each man was interviewed once. The average length of the interviews was 37 minutes (range: 16 to 81 minutes). Data from the interviews were subjected to content thematic analysis and development of categories based on psychodynamic references. RESULTS: Three themes were identified: (1) sexuality called into question; (2) a body without governance; and (3) experiencing loss. These men reported difficulties in dealing both with the physical and emotional impotence resulting from the treatment. Urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction affected their body by accentuating conflicts related to masculinity, triggering subjective feelings of powerlessness, and psychological distress. CONCLUSION: Study respondents assigned multiple psychological meanings to issues related to feelings of powerlessness in general, leading to a narcissistic wound. The men experienced UI as a bodily deficiency, and erectile dysfunction was experienced as a feeling of being devitalized. These results suggest that UI from prostate cancer treatment affects sexuality and self-esteem.

The meanings of silence in Brazilian women with urinary incontinence.

PURPOSE: We explored the meanings of silence for Brazilian women with urinary incontinence (UI). SUBJECTS AND SETTING: The sample consisted of 8 women, aged 30 to 45 years. Respondents worked as housekeepers or cleaning staff and were from lower social, economic, and educational strata. Their years of formal education varied from 0 to 8 years and they earned up to 4.5 times the Brazilian minimum wage, which is equivalent to US$900. METHODS: A qualitative method using semistructured interviews was employed to gather data. Individual semistructured interviews were recorded and subsequently transcribed, including researchers' observations of subjects' nonverbal behaviors. The interviews began with the question: "Can you tell me about your experience with urinary incontinence?" Data were analyzed using a content analysis technique. RESULTS: Respondents avoided discussing UI and initially resisted labeling themselves as incontinent, but their nonverbal behaviors provided clues to the psychosocial distress caused by urinary leakage. Results suggest that respondents' underprivileged social, economic, and cultural situation may aggravate their limitations when expressing their feelings. We found that the women employed silence as a means to contain the psychosocial distress created by their UI, and that the silence itself should be interpreted as an expression of distress associated with UI. CONCLUSION: The silence of Brazilian women with UI is an essential element of communication about incontinence. We believe that the silence used by these women expresses the pain and anxiety they experienced, and it acts as an adaptive psychosocial mechanism.

Evaluation of the nursing process used at a Brazilian teaching hospital.

PURPOSE: To evaluate how the nursing process has been registered at a Brazilian teaching hospital. METHODS: Descriptive and retrospective study of 68 medical records. FINDINGS: The data collection of history was more frequent on the admission day. The documentation of physical exam was prioritized. Sometimes there were records of nursing interventions but not of nursing diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: It was found some failures in the record of some steps of the nursing process. Although all steps had been used, they were not carried out consistently. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Some aspects deserve to be considered to improve the use and registration of all steps of the nursing process as to develop specific protocols, redesign the formulary of data record with careful and equal consideration of all steps, and empower all members of the nursing staff to implement the nursing process more effectively.

Model for differential nursing diagnosis of alterations in urinary elimination based on fuzzy logic.

Nursing diagnoses associated with alterations of urinary elimination require different interventions. Nurses, who are not specialists, require support to diagnose and manage patients with disturbances of urine elimination. The aim of this study was to present a model based on fuzzy logic for differential diagnosis of alterations in urinary elimination, considering nursing diagnosis approved by the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association, 2001-2002. Fuzzy relations and the maximum-minimum composition approach were used to develop the system. The model performance was evaluated with 195 cases from the database of a previous study, resulting in 79.0% of total concordance and 19.5% of partial concordance, when compared with the panel of experts. Total discordance was observed in only three cases (1.5%). The agreement between model and experts was excellent (kappa = 0.98, P < .0001) or substantial (kappa = 0.69, P < .0001) when considering the overestimative accordance (accordance was considered when at least one diagnosis was equal) and the underestimative discordance (discordance was considered when at least one diagnosis was different), respectively. The model herein presented showed good performance and a simple theoretical structure, therefore demanding few computational resources.

Fuzzy logic model based on the differential nursing diagnosis of alterations in urinary elimination.

The nursing diagnoses associated with alterations in urinary elimination require different interventions, and nurses who are not specialists need support to diagnose and to manage patients with disturbances of urine elimination. The aim of this study was to present a model based on fuzzy logic for making differential diagnosis of alterations in urinary elimination, considering the nursing diagnosis approved by the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA), 2001-2002. The fuzzy maximum-minimum composition was used to develop this model. It was tested with 195 cases from a database of a previous study. The model was able to determine the diagnosis in total accordance with a panel of three experts for 79.5% of the cases. The model diagnosed 19% of the cases with partial concordance with the panel of experts. Only for 3 cases (1.5%) the model showed a different diagnosis. It is concluded that the model proposed here, despite of its simplicity, presents good performance. However, it is recommended more tests before widely used as support for clinical decision.