ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: During the 2015 Zika virus infection (ZVI) epidemic swiping through the Americas, few cases of ZVI with severe, potentially life-threatening thrombocytopenia were reported. Platelet transfusion, corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) were in most cases applied as therapeutic options, predominantly with success. We present a comprehensive overview concerning the pathophysiology, treatment strategies and outcomes of patients with ZVI and severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count <50 × 109/L). METHOD: A literature search was performed. RESULTS: Eleven case reports and case series with a total of 28 patients met the inclusion criteria; including five cases with lethal outcome. Therapeutic strategies, including platelet transfusion, administration of steroids and/or IVIG were described in 24 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Severe thrombocytopenia is a rare, but potentially life-threatening complication of ZVI. The principal pathophysiological mechanism appears to immune-induced thrombocytopenia. Due to a paucity of cases, the optimal treatment strategy remains to be elucidated.
Subject(s)
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic , Thrombocytopenia , Zika Virus Infection , Zika Virus , Humans , Platelet Count , Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/drug therapy , Thrombocytopenia/etiology , Thrombocytopenia/therapy , Treatment Outcome , Zika Virus Infection/complications , Zika Virus Infection/epidemiology , Zika Virus Infection/therapySubject(s)
Immunization, Secondary , Rabies Vaccines/administration & dosage , Rabies Vaccines/immunology , Rabies/prevention & control , Antibodies, Viral , Antibody Formation , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Immunization Schedule , Immunogenicity, Vaccine , Injections, Intradermal , Injections, Intramuscular , Military Personnel , Netherlands , Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/standards , Rabies virusABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Rabies is a lethal, but vaccine preventable disease. Vaccination uptake is however hampered by the time-consuming three-dose, 21/28-day schedule. The aim of this study was to examine whether adequate rabies antibody titers are reached after two intradermal (ID) doses of rabies vaccine, with a seven-day window. METHOD: We conducted an observational cohort study with military personnel. A titer was assessed by RFFIT, on the day of the third vaccination, to ensure an adequate rabies antibody response after ID immunization. RESULTS: After this abbreviated two-dose, seven-day ID schedule, seroconversion was reached in 99.3% (427/430) with a geometric mean titer of 7.59 IU/mL (95% CI 7.04-8.17). CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of this two-dose schedule will protect more people against Rabies. Travelers and military personnel under time constraints, who otherwise would remain unvaccinated, can be considered adequately protected after this two-dose schedule. For populations in endemic areas, local application of a two-dose schedule could provide an opportunity to vaccinate more people with less vaccine. Given the paucity of published data, this study adds relevant evidence in support of the new policy (2017) of WHO, concerning a two-dose, seven-day schedule is approved for all healthy individuals.
