Different cardiac response to copper in limpets from metal polluted and clean shores of Hong Kong.

The gastropod limpet, Cellana grata, is common on moderately exposed to exposed Hong Kong rocky shores. On the basis of the existing literature on trace metal contamination in Hong Kong, four sites were identified, representative of highly polluted (Aberdeen and Lei Yue Mun) and clean (Cape d'Aguilar and Clear Water Bay) conditions. Limpets from the two polluted sites showed similar, but significantly higher body concentrations of copper than limpets from the two clean sites, which were also similar. Non-invasive measurements of cardiac activity of limpets from the four sites showed between site differences in baseline heart rates under standard seawater, irrespective of pollution level. When acutely exposed to water borne copper (2 h, 0.5+/-0.06 SD ppm), however, limpets from clean sites showed a significantly higher increase in inter-beating time (bradycardia) than those from polluted sites. These results highlight the potential use of cardiac activity to assess the exposure of natural populations of limpets to trace metal pollution.

Variations in cardiac activity following acute exposure to copper in three co-occurring but differently zoned Mediterranean limpets.

The cardiac activity of three limpets (Patella rustica, P. caerulea and P. aspera), having a different vertical zonation on the Mediterranean rocky shores, was monitored using a non-invasive technique, during 6 h exposure to copper solutions (0.1 and 0.5 ppm), and after return to copper-free conditions. At 0.1 ppm no significant variation of heart rate was observed in the three species with respect to control conditions, while after 3 h at 0.5 ppm a consistent bradycardia was evident in P. caerulea and P. aspera, but not in P. rustica. After 6 h at 0.5 ppm most of the specimens of the three species were acardic but still reactive to mechanical stimulation. Tests on the resumption of cardiac activity after 6 h exposure to 0.5 ppm showed that even after a prolonged cessation of cardiac activity, limpets quickly resumed heartbeating once returned to clean seawater. However, recovery of heart-beating was faster in the mid- and high-shore species (P. caerulea and P. rustica, respectively) than in the lower-shore P. aspera. Moreover, the cardiac pattern upon recovery was definitely bradycardic in P. aspera, while the other two species showed a significant overshooting in heartbeating rate. Measurement of body burdens of copper showed that P. rustica and P. caerulea were faster in removing the excess of copper than the lower-shore P. aspera. In conclusion, this study showed that taxonomically close and syntopic species having a different zonal distribution exhibit different cardiac responses to water-borne copper and stresses the importance of comparative studies on physiological responses of organisms to metal pollution.

In situ and laboratory assessment of heart rate in a Mediterranean limpet using a noninvasive technique.

Heart rate of the Mediterranean limpet Patella caerulea L. was investigated on the natural shore and in the laboratory by using a technique based on infrared phototransducers. Field recording occurred in the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic) during March and June 1997. A consistent dependence of heart rate on temperature was observed in limpets both when submerged and when exposed to air in the two periods, but thermal acclimation was evident. During spontaneous activity at high tide, heart rate increased 1.5-1.7 times the values observed during resting in water at corresponding temperatures. The dependence of heart rate on temperature (10 degrees, 16 degrees, and 22 degrees C) and size (wet weight <1.25 and >1.30 g) in submerged limpets from different populations (northern Adriatic and Tyrrhenian) was tested in the laboratory by adopting a factorial design. The results showed a marked effect of temperature, body weight, and their interaction, independent from the site of origin. Smaller limpets showed a linear increase of heart rate in the whole range of temperature tests, while in the larger ones the increase between 10 degrees and 16 degrees C was greater than between 16 degrees and 22 degrees C. Heart rate decreased with increasing body size at control (16 degrees C) and high (22 degrees C) temperature, while at lower temperature (10 degrees C) no effect of body size was evident. When removed from their home scar, limpets increased heart rate to about 1.5 times the reference value. Finally, correlation of oxygen consumption with heart rate of submerged limpets maintained at a different temperature (10 degrees -22 degrees C) was statistically significant.