ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Many cardiac procedures using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) still require intraoperative transfusion. Retrograde autologous priming (RAP) has been introduced to decrease haemodilution and the blood transfusion rate. This study is designed to determine the influence or RAP on intraoperative haematocrit, transfusion and its clinical consequences. METHODS: The RAP effect was retrospectively studied in 753 patients during contemporary cardiac surgery, targeting a haematocrit of 25%. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to identify the independent factors influencing intraoperative haematocrit, transfusion rate and transfusion quantity. RESULTS: RAP was used in 498 patients and compared with 255 controls. RAP decreased the haemodilution level (nadir haematocrit 26.8 standard deviation [SD] 4.0% in RAP vs 25.8 SD 3.6% in controls; P = 0.001) and transfusion frequency (26.1 vs 33.3%, P = 0.04), despite smaller patients (body surface area [BSA] 1.86 SD 0.20 m(2) vs 1.91 SD 0.21 m(2) in RAP vs controls; P = 0.002) with lower preoperative haematocrit (38.9 SD 4.4% vs 40.5 SD 4.6%; P < 0.001). Optimal RAP volume was overall 475 ml (ROC area 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.50-0.60; P = 0.04) and 375 ml in patients with BSA <1.7 m(2) (ROC area 0.63; 95% CI 0.54-0.73; P = 0.008) to decrease the transfusion incidence. Multivariate analysis revealed RAP volume as a significant determinant of nadir haematocrit (ß = 0.003, 95% CI 0.002-0.004, P < 0.001) and transfusion rate (odds ratio (OR) = 0.997, 95% CI 0.996-0.999, P < 0.001), independent of BSA, gender and preoperative haematocrit. CONCLUSIONS: Retrograde autologous priming is an effective adjunct to decrease the blood transfusion rate, coping with the CPB-related haemodilution and its adverse clinical effects. A RAP volume individualized to each patient offers most benefit as part of a multidisciplinary blood conservation approach.
Subject(s)
Blood Transfusion, Autologous , Cardiac Surgical Procedures , Hemodilution , Aged , Area Under Curve , Blood Transfusion, Autologous/adverse effects , Cardiac Surgical Procedures/adverse effects , Cardiopulmonary Bypass , Chi-Square Distribution , Female , Hematocrit , Hemodilution/adverse effects , Humans , Linear Models , Logistic Models , Male , Middle Aged , Multivariate Analysis , Odds Ratio , ROC Curve , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Since the introduction of surgical debulking in combination with intraoperative hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion (HIPEC) with oxaliplatin in our institution, severe hyponatremia (sodium: 126.5 +/- 3.8 mmol/L), hyperglycemia (glucose: 22.37 +/- 4.89 mmol/L), and hyperlactatemia (lactate: 3.17 +/- 1.09 mmol/L) have been observed post HIPEC. This metabolic disorder was not observed in patients in whom cisplatin or mitomycin C was used as a chemotherapeutic drug. METHODS: In order to understand the pathophysiology of this finding, an analysis of our data was made. In a first analysis, plasma sodium was corrected for hyperglycemia based on the formula of Hillier. In a second analysis, the influence of total exchangeable sodium, total exchangeable potassium, and total body water on plasma sodium concentration was modeled. RESULTS: Analysis of our data revealed a double mechanism for the observed metabolic disorder: hyperglycemia caused by dextrose 5%, which is used as a carrier for the oxaliplatin, and major loss of sodium into the dialysate (256.7 +/- 68.7 mmol). CONCLUSION: Better control of hyperglycemia and intravenous compensation of sodium loss into the dialysate can attenuate the reported biochemical disturbance.
