Cardiac resynchronization therapy with or without defibrillator: experience from a high-volume Belgian implantation centre.

OBJECTIVE: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an important treatment modality for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and ventricular conduction delay. Considering limited health care budgets in an aging population, adding a defibrillator function to CRT remains a matter of debate. Our aim was to describe the experience of a high-volume Belgian implantation centre with CRT with/without defibrillator (CRT-D/P). METHODS AND RESULTS: Consecutive CRT patients (n = 221), implanted between October 2008 and April 2011 in Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg (Genk), were reviewed. From 209 primo-implantations, 74 CRT-D and 98 CRT-P patients with complete follow-up inside the centre, were analysed. Despite differences in baseline characteristics, both groups demonstrated similar reverse left ventricular remodelling, improvement in New York Heart Association functional class and maximal aerobic capacity. During mean follow-up of 18 +/- 9 months, 21 patients died and 83 spent a total of 1200 days in hospital. Annual mortality was 8% and equal among the groups. The mode of death differed between CRT-D (predominantly pump failure) and CRT-P patients (pump failure, comorbidity and sudden death). The yearly population attributable risk of malignant ventricular arrhythmia was 8.16% in CRT-D and 1.38% in CRT-P patients. CONCLUSIONS: With current guidelines applied to the Belgian reimbursement criteria and at physicians'discretion, patient selection for CRT-D/ CRT-P was appropriate, with similar reverse remodelling, functional capacity improvement and good clinical outcome in both groups. High-risk patients for malignant ventricular arrhythmia were more likely to receive CRT-D, although the yearly attributable risk remained 1.38% in CRT-P patients.

Response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in elderly patients (≥70 years) and octogenarians.

AIMS: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) leads to reverse ventricular remodelling, improved functional capacity, and better clinical outcome in patients with advanced chronic heart failure, reduced ejection fraction, and evidence of ventricular conduction delay, who are under optimal medical therapy. This study investigated whether these benefits can be extrapolated to older patients, typically not included in randomized clinical trials. METHODS AND RESULTS: Consecutive patients who received a CRT device between October 2008 and June 2011, including optimization afterwards in a dedicated clinic, were stratified into 3 pre-specified groups, according to age: <70 years (n = 76); 70-79 years (n = 95); and ≥80 years (n = 49). Left ventricular remodelling, functional capacity, heart failure hospitalization, and mortality data were assessed during follow-up. Reverse left ventricular remodelling and improvement in New York Heart Association functional class were similar in all groups at 6 months after implantation. During mean follow-up of 20 months, 32 patients died and 66 were admitted for heart failure. Annualized mortality rates were significantly higher in elderly patients (6% vs. 8% vs. 15% in all groups, respectively; P < 0.001), but time to death or first heart failure admission was similar among age groups (P = 0.531). Progressive pump failure was the major cause of death (50%), with co-morbidity-related deaths also being frequent (41%). CONCLUSION: Reverse left ventricular remodelling and functional capacity improvement after CRT are sustained at advanced age. Moreover, time to all-cause mortality or heart failure admission was similar, irrespective of age, in a context of maximized optimization including optimal medical therapy.

Comorbidity significantly affects clinical outcome after cardiac resynchronization therapy regardless of ventricular remodeling.

BACKGROUND: The influence of comorbid conditions on ventricular remodeling, functional status, and clinical outcome after cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is insufficiently elucidated. METHODS AND RESULTS: The influence of different comorbid conditions on left ventricular remodeling, improvement in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, hospitalizations for heart failure, and all-cause mortality after CRT implantation was analyzed in 172 consecutive patients (mean age 71 ± 9 y), implanted from October 2008 to April 2011 in a single tertiary care hospital. During mean follow-up of 18 ± 9 months, 21 patients died and 57 were admitted for heart failure. Left ventricular remodeling and improvement in NYHA functional class were independent from comorbidity burden. However, diabetes mellitus (hazard ratio [HR] 3.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24-9.65) and chronic kidney disease (HR 3.11, 95% CI 1.10-8.81) were predictors of all-cause mortality, and the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR 1.89, 95% CI 1.02-3.53) was independently associated with heart failure admissions. Importantly, those 3 comorbid conditions had an additive negative impact on survival and heart failure admissions, even in patients with reverse left ventricular remodeling. CONCLUSIONS: Reverse ventricular remodeling and improvement in functional status after CRT implantation are independent from comorbidity burden. However, comorbid conditions remain important predictors of all-cause mortality and heart failure admissions.

Importance of adjunctive heart failure optimization immediately after implantation to improve long-term outcomes with cardiac resynchronization therapy.

Despite improvement in morbidity and mortality with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), disease progression continues to affect a subset of patients and there is limited effort to identify contributing factors. Our objective was to investigate if a protocol-driven approach incorporated in a management strategy of heart failure immediately after implantation would provide incremental benefits beyond usual care after implantation. We reviewed 114 consecutive patients with CRT implanted from 2005 through 2009 who received usual care after implantation or underwent protocol-driven CRT care after implantation. Preimplantation characteristics in patients receiving usual versus protocol-driven care were similar in left ventricular (LV) dimension (LV internal diastolic diameter 6.2 ± 0.8 vs 6.4 ± 1.0 cm), LV ejection fraction (26 ± 8% vs 25% ± 8%), QRS width, and medication usage. Major adjustments during the protocol-driven approach were uptitration of neurohormonal blockers (64%), echocardiographically guided atrioventricular optimization (50%), heart failure education (42%), arrhythmia management (19%), and LV lead repositioning (7%). Although positive LV remodeling was noted in the 2 groups at 6 months, extent was significantly greater in the protocol-driven approach compared to usual care (change in LV internal diastolic diameter 0.7 ± 0.6 cm vs 0.2 ± 1.2 cm, p = 0.01; change in LV ejection fraction 11 ± 7% vs 7 ± 9%, p = 0.01), which was associated with fewer major adverse events (14% vs 53%, p <0.001). In conclusion, a protocol-driven approach for patients with CRT started immediately after implantation is associated with incremental favorable effects on reverse remodeling and fewer adverse events compared to usual care after implantation. These effects appeared to be driven not only by changes in device settings and arrhythmia management but also by concomitant medication optimization and heart failure education.