ABSTRACT
AIMS: CLARITY is a novel technique which enables three-dimensional visualization of immunostained tissue for the study of circuitry and spatial interactions between cells and molecules in the brain. In this study, we aimed to compare methodological differences in the application of CLARITY between rodent and large human post mortem brain samples. In addition, we aimed to investigate if this technique could be used to visualize Lewy pathology in a post mortem Parkinson's brain. METHODS: Rodent and human brain samples were clarified and immunostained using the passive version of the CLARITY technique. Samples were then immersed in different refractive index matching media before mounting and visualizing under a confocal microscope. RESULTS: We found that tissue clearing speed using passive CLARITY differs according to species (human vs. rodents), brain region and degree of fixation (fresh vs. formalin-fixed tissues). Furthermore, there were advantages to using specific refractive index matching media. We have applied this technique and have successfully visualized Lewy body inclusions in three dimensions within the nucleus basalis of Meynert, and the spatial relationship between monoaminergic fibres and Lewy pathologies among nigrostriatal fibres in the midbrain without the need for physical serial sectioning of brain tissue. CONCLUSIONS: The effective use of CLARITY on large samples of human tissue opens up many potential avenues for detailed pathological and morphological studies.
Subject(s)
Brain/pathology , Histocytological Preparation Techniques/methods , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods , Lewy Bodies/pathology , Animals , Humans , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Parkinson Disease/pathology , Rats , Rats, Sprague-DawleySubject(s)
Child Abuse , Forensic Medicine , Homicide , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Time FactorsSubject(s)
Alopecia/drug therapy , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Aged , Alopecia/immunology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , RecurrenceABSTRACT
A significant problem in the management of pediculosis is the removal of nits from the hair after pediculicide treatment. This study describes use of a nit removal system incorporating a cream rinse containing formic acid that loosens the bond between the nit and hair. Twenty-four children with pediculosis capitis, age 4 to 12 years, were evaluated. Sections of hair with equivalent numbers of nits were identified as control or test sites. Combining for 5 minutes after use of the formic acid rinse removed 93.5% of nits compared with a 27.6% reduction in the control section (p less than 0.0001). These results demonstrate that use of this nit removal system greatly facilitates nit removal.
Subject(s)
Formates/pharmacology , Lice Infestations/drug therapy , Ovum/drug effects , Pediculus/growth & development , Animals , Child , Child, Preschool , Clinical Trials as Topic , Female , Humans , Male , Pyrethrins/pharmacology , Pyrethrins/therapeutic use , SoapsABSTRACT
Tritium and argon radioactivities, attributable to galactic and solar cosmic-ray interactions, were measured in lunar soil and in three lunar rocks. The tritium in the soil, 325 +/- 17 disintegrations per minute per kilogram, is slightly higher than that in the rocks, 212 to 250 dpm/kg. For two rocks, the tritium was combined with the helium-3 in order to calculate exposure ages of 375 +/- 40 and 205 +/- 25 million years. The argon-37 radioactivities, 21.0 to 27.2 dpm/kg, and the argon-39 radioactivities, 12.1 to 16.4 dpm/kg, are slightly higher than those in stony meteorites. Higher exposure ages were obtained from the argon isotopes than from tritium and helium-3. On the basis of the known galactic cosmic-ray flux and the known cross section, at least half of the observed radioactivities are produced by solar cosmic rays.
