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1.
J Intellect Disabil Res ; 60(3): 191-200, 2016 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26631986

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Students without intellectual disability (ID) start experimenting with tobacco and alcohol between 12 and 15 years of age. However, data for 12- to 15-year old students with ID are unavailable. Prevention programs, like 'PREPARED ON TIME' (based on the attitude-social influence-efficacy model), are successful, but their efficacy has not been studied in students with ID. The objectives of this study were (1) to undertake a cluster randomised control trial to test the efficacy of the e-learning program among 12- to 15-year old students with mild and borderline ID in secondary special-needs schools and (2) to examine the tobacco and alcohol use for this population. METHODS: Five schools, randomly selected to be part of either the experimental group or the control group, participated in this study. Passive informed consent was used in which parents and their children can refuse to participate in the study, resulting in 111 students in the experimental group and 143 students in the control group. A total of 210 students completed both baseline and follow-up questionnaires. Primary outcome variables are the knowledge and attitude towards alcohol and tobacco use. This study is registered in the ISRCTN registry with number ISRCTN95279686. RESULTS: Baseline findings showed that a large proportion of all respondents had initiated smoking (49%) and drinking (75%), well above the expected numbers based on national figures. 'PREPARED ON TIME' did not affect the behavioural determinants (i.e. attitude, subjective norm and self-efficacy), except modelling on smoking. Additionally, alcohol-related knowledge of students in the experimental group increased after the completion of the program. CONCLUSIONS: To obtain effective results on behavioural outcomes from 'PREPARED ON TIME', a greater degree of flexibility (i.e. repetition, extension of the program, role playing, etc.) is required. Furthermore, prevention needs to be implemented at a younger age, as 6% of the students tried their first cigarette and 15% of the students drank alcohol at the age of 10 years or younger.


Subject(s)
Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology , Health Education/methods , Intellectual Disability/epidemiology , Smoking/epidemiology , Substance-Related Disorders/prevention & control , Adolescent , Child , Education of Intellectually Disabled , Female , Humans , Male , Schools/statistics & numerical data , Treatment Outcome
2.
Dig Dis Sci ; 49(6): 1007-11, 2004 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15309892

ABSTRACT

Excessive alcohol intake frequently results in gastrointestinal discomfort. It is an empirical fact that the severity of gastrointestinal discomfort induced by alcohol abuse is subject to interindividual variation. The aim of this study was to determine whether genetic polymorphism in alcohol dehydrogenase 3 (ADH3) and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), important first-pass enzymes in the metabolism of ethanol, predispose to the development of gastrointestinal symptoms in alcoholics, Blood samples were obtained from 92 adult alcoholics admitted for detoxification. The samples were analyzed for genetic polymorphism in ADH3 and CYP2E1 by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses. During an interview on the first day of hospital admission, patient characteristics and gastrointestinal symptoms in the week before admission were assessed. A total of 75 of 92 alcoholics (83%) reported symptoms: 66 patients had upper gastrointestinal symptoms (72%), 70 patients had lower gastrointestinal symptoms (76%), and 59 patients reported alarming symptoms (64%). Patients with gastrointestinal symptoms less often abused beer in comparison to those without gastrointestinal symptoms (P = 0.05). The numbers of patients with the homozygous y1y1 genotype, the heterozygous y1y2 genotype, and the homozygous y2y2 genotype in ADH3 who reported gastrointestinal symptoms were 20 (83%), 34 (76%), and 15 (88%), respectively. The number of patients with the heterozygous c1c2 CYP2E1 genotype (5%) and the heterozygous DC CYP2E1 genotype (14%) was low and also unrelated to gastrointestinal symptoms. Our data suggest that the ethanol concentrations of the consumed beverages, and not interindividual variations in the activities of first-pass alcohol-metabolizing enzymes, are associated with gastrointestinal symptoms in alcoholics.


Subject(s)
Alcohol Dehydrogenase/genetics , Alcoholism/complications , Alcoholism/metabolism , Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1/genetics , Ethanol/metabolism , Gastrointestinal Diseases/genetics , Adult , Female , Genotype , Humans , Male , Polymorphism, Genetic , White People/genetics
3.
Alcohol Alcohol ; 37(1): 93-9, 2002.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11825864

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the Readiness to Change Questionnaire (RCQ-D). The subjects were 246 excessive drinkers admitted to an addiction treatment centre and 54 offenders convicted of an alcohol-related crime in The Netherlands. The factor structure of the RCQ-D for the two samples combined was found to be consistent with the three-factor structure established for the original RCQ. The reliability of the items for each scale was found to be satisfactory. Allocated stage of change showed significant differences between the different subsamples. As expected, the scale scores for adjacent stages of change showed significantly higher inter-correlations than the scale scores for non-adjacent stages. Additionally, the negatively formulated items from the pre-contemplation scale were reformulated positively and their internal consistency tested among the offender sample. The positively formulated pre-contemplation items showed a higher alpha value than the negatively formulated items. We therefore suggest that the positively formulated items should replace the negatively formulated ones.


Subject(s)
Alcohol Drinking/psychology , Alcoholism/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology , Alcohol Drinking/therapy , Attitude to Health , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Netherlands/epidemiology , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of Results , Surveys and Questionnaires , Translating
4.
Int J Addict ; 30(5): 605-16, 1995 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7601580

ABSTRACT

The Addiction Severity Index (ASI) was evaluated for its psychometric qualities in a Dutch alcoholic population admitted to an addiction treatment center in The Netherlands. Its factorial structure in this population was found to be consistent with the established six factor structure of the ASI. Reliability analysis revealed that the homogeneity of the subscales was acceptable with the exception of the Alcohol Scale. The six subscales were not highly intercorrelated. The results of this study indicate that the ASI is a useful instrument for the assessment of several problems associated with alcoholism. However, the Alcohol Scale appears to be limited as a diagnostic and research instrument in the field of inpatient treatment of alcohol dependence in The Netherlands.


Subject(s)
Alcoholism/diagnosis , Behavior, Addictive , Reproducibility of Results , Severity of Illness Index , Adult , Age of Onset , Female , Humans , Male , Netherlands , Psychometrics
5.
J Subst Abuse Treat ; 10(4): 383-9, 1993.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8411297

ABSTRACT

In the course of a selection procedure for inpatient treatment in an addiction clinic, it was repeatedly noticed that the attitude of staff-members towards male alcoholics was more confronting and critical as compared to a more empathic and supportive attitude towards female alcoholics. Two different processes may account for this phenomenon. Firstly, male and female alcoholics may differ in their interpersonal behaviour towards therapists, and subsequently these different behaviours evoke different attitudes and behaviours in therapists (interaction-hypothesis). Secondly, these different attitudes towards male and female patients may emerge from preconceived ideas among therapists about male and female alcoholics (stereotype-hypothesis). This study describes the stereotypes held by therapists regarding the interpersonal behaviour of male and female alcoholics. Furthermore, it explores the influence of self perceived interpersonal behaviour of therapists on these stereotypes. The results suggest, that the differences in attitude and behaviour towards alcoholics are--at least partly--the result of different male and female alcoholic stereotypes held by therapists. These stereotypes were related to the self perceived interpersonal behaviour of the therapist. Pretreatment matching of patients and therapists should be based on interpersonal attitude rather than on sex.


Subject(s)
Alcoholism/rehabilitation , Attitude of Health Personnel , Gender Identity , Psychotherapy , Stereotyping , Adult , Alcoholism/psychology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Netherlands , Patient Admission , Personality Assessment , Professional-Patient Relations , Substance Abuse Treatment Centers
6.
Compr Psychiatry ; 34(2): 87-94, 1993.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8387417

ABSTRACT

This report examines the prevalence of personality disorders among hospitalized alcoholics and polydrug addicts and the extent and nature of the overlap between different axis II disorders. Subjects were 178 alcoholics admitted to a diagnostic unit of an addiction treatment institute and 86 polydrug addicts admitted to the therapeutic community of the same institute. Substance abuse was diagnosed according to DSM-III-R, and patients were assessed with the Structured Interview for DSM-III Personality Disorders (SIDP). In the alcohol group, 78% of the patients had at least one personality disorder and the average number of personality disorders was 1.8 per patient. In the polydrug group, 91% of the patients met criteria for at least one personality disorder and the average number of personality disorders was 4.0 per patient. No single "addictive personality" emerged. These findings raise questions about the validity and usefulness of the distinction between axis I and axis II disorders in patients with substance use disorders, and do not lend support to the validity of the categorical classification of personality pathology.


Subject(s)
Alcoholism/epidemiology , Personality Disorders/epidemiology , Adult , Alcoholism/psychology , Alcoholism/rehabilitation , Comorbidity , Female , Humans , Male , Personality Disorders/psychology , Personality Disorders/rehabilitation , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/statistics & numerical data , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of Results , Substance Abuse Treatment Centers
7.
Int J Addict ; 26(10): 1065-76, 1991 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1743811

ABSTRACT

Memories of parental rearing were investigated in 48 polydrug addicts and 91 alcohol addicts with the EMBU, an instrument for assessing parental rearing styles. Drug addicts remember their fathers and mothers as more rejecting and overprotecting and their mothers as more favoring than do alcoholics. When the age and the sex of addicts are taken into account, the kind of addiction and the sex of the addicts can explain a part of the variance of the overprotection dimension by fathers and mothers. The age of the addicts can explain a part of the variance of the rejection dimension by fathers and mothers. Finally, the variance in the favoring dimension by mothers can be explained by the kind of addiction.


Subject(s)
Alcoholism/psychology , Child Rearing , Illicit Drugs , Mental Recall , Parent-Child Relations , Social Environment , Substance-Related Disorders/psychology , Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Internal-External Control , Male , Personality Development , Rejection, Psychology
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