ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology occurs in part as the result of excessive production of ß-amyloid (Aß). Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is now considered a receptor for Aß and consequently contributes to pathogenic Aß signaling in AD. RESULTS: Genetic deletion of mGluR5 rescues the spatial learning deficits observed in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 AD mice. Moreover, both Aß oligomer formation and Aß plaque number are reduced in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice lacking mGluR5 expression. In addition to the observed increase in Aß oligomers and plaques in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice, we found that both mTOR phosphorylation and fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) expression were increased in these mice. Genetic deletion of mGluR5 reduced Aß oligomers, plaques, mTOR phosphorylation and FMRP expression in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, we propose that Aß activation of mGluR5 appears to initiate a positive feedback loop resulting in increased Aß formation and AD pathology in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice via mechanism that is regulated by FMRP.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/metabolism , Alzheimer Disease/pathology , Cognition Disorders/metabolism , Cognition Disorders/pathology , Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5/deficiency , Alzheimer Disease/complications , Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology , Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism , Animals , Cell Membrane/metabolism , Cognition Disorders/complications , Cognition Disorders/physiopathology , Disease Models, Animal , Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein/metabolism , Gene Deletion , Humans , Inositol Phosphates/metabolism , Maze Learning , Memory Disorders/complications , Memory Disorders/pathology , Memory Disorders/physiopathology , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Motor Activity , Phenotype , Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5/metabolism , Signal Transduction , TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolismABSTRACT
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the amino-terminal region of the huntingtin protein, which promotes progressive neuronal cell loss, neurological symptoms and death. In the present study, we show that blockade of mGluR5 with MTEP promotes increased locomotor activity in both control (Hdh(Q20/Q20)) and mutant HD (Hdh(Q111/Q111)) mice. Although acute injection of MTEP increases locomotor activity in both control and mutant HD mice, locomotor activity is increased in only control mice, not mutant HD mice, following the genetic deletion of mGluR5. Interestingly, treatment of mGluR5 knockout mice with either D1 or D2 dopamine antagonists eliminates the increased locomotor activity of mGluR5 knockout mice. Amphetamine treatment increases locomotor activity in control mice, but not mGluR5 null mutant HD mice. However, the loss of mGluR5 expression improves rotarod performance and decreases the number of huntingtin intranuclear inclusions in mutant HD mice. These adaptations may be due to mutant huntingtin-dependent alterations in gene expression, as microarray studies have identified several genes that are altered in mutant, but not wild-type HD mice lacking mGluR5 expression. qPCR experiments confirm that the mRNA transcript levels of dynein heavy chain, dynactin 3 and dynein light chain-6 are altered following the genetic deletion of mGluR5 in mutant HD mice, as compared with wild-type mutant HD mice. Thus, our data suggest that mutant huntingtin protein and mGluR5 exhibit a functional interaction that may be important for HD-mediated alterations in locomotor behavior and the development of intranuclear inclusions.
