ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To determine the most accurate method of strabismus measurement in patients with constant manifest esotropia. METHODS: Patients underwent routine cover test assessment with the cover-uncover test and the alternating cover test with any increase in the angle of deviation being noted between the two methods. The simultaneous and alternating prism cover test was then performed to see if a qualitative increase in angle deviation was represented by a quantitative measurement. Patients also were assessed for the presence of binocular vision in free space using Bagolini striated lenses and motor fusion responses to base out prisms. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the alternating and simultaneous prism cover test measurements for all patients (mean difference for near fixation: 4.72 prism diopters [delta]; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.68-7.75 delta; df=51; P<.001). For patients who showed a qualitative change in angle based on observational judgement using the cover tests, the mean difference in angle measured by simultaneous and alternating prism cover test for near fixation was 7.42 delta (95% CI, 5.75-10.30 delta; df=25; P<.001). CONCLUSION: To obtain an accurate interpretation of the size of manifest esotropia, the angle of deviation needs to be measured by the simultaneous and alternating prism cover test when an observable difference is noted on the cover test. The presence of a latent component to a manifest deviation should prompt the investigation of binocular reflexes even if the manifest angle is too large to be commensurate with binocular vision.
Subject(s)
Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological , Strabismus/diagnosis , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Vision, BinocularABSTRACT
In situ rumen degradation and intestinal digestibility of DM and CP of Jet-Sploded and extruded protein sources were estimated, using two ruminally and duodenally cannulated lactating Holstein cows, in two experiments. One-gram samples of ground (1 mm) whole canola seed, canola meal, extruded canola meal, Jet-Sploded whole canola seed, Protec, soybean meal and extruded soybean meal (Experiment 1), and whole canola seed Jet-Sploded at temperatures ranging from 116 to 177 degrees C (Experiment 2) were heat sealed into small nylon bags for incubation in the rumen and insertion into the duodenum. Extrusion had no effect on DM or CP disappearance in the rumen nor on effective degradability. Jet-Sploding of whole canola seed dramatically reduced effective degradability (%) of DM (80.5 vs 35.9 at .08 h-1 rumen outflow rate) and CP (83.5 vs. 43.2 at .08 h-1). Total tract disappearance of DM and CP exceeded 90% for all protein sources, except Protec and Jet-Sploded material. Jet-Sploding appears to have potential for decreasing ruminal degradation of canola protein or DM without markedly decreasing intestinal digestibility.
Subject(s)
Animal Feed , Cattle/metabolism , Dietary Proteins/metabolism , Digestion , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Rumen/metabolism , Animals , Cattle/physiology , Female , Intestines/physiology , Lactation/metabolism , Pregnancy , Rumen/physiology , Glycine maxSubject(s)
Hypnotics and Sedatives/chemical synthesis , Triazines/chemical synthesis , Anesthesia , Animals , Anticonvulsants , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Cats , Cebus , Chemical Phenomena , Chemistry , Conflict, Psychological , Male , Mice , Motor Skills/drug effects , Rats , Reflex/drug effects , Triazines/pharmacologyABSTRACT
A dose regimen for administration of morphine, test drugs with potential to cause physical dependence and naloxone was determined to allow within one experimental day acquisition of morphine-dependent mice and evaluation of the narcotic drugs for their ability to prevent naloxone-precipitated jumping. This test procedure can be used to assess capacity of unknown drugs to suppress morphine withdrawal symptoms; the mechanism of suppression can be subsequently determined in secondary tests. However, for known morphine-like analgesics, the test procedure appears to reliably assess physical dependence properties. The results obtained on subcutaneous administration of five selected narcotic drugs and apomorphine show that their order of potency was methadone greater than meperidine equal apomorphine greater than d-propoxyphene greater than pentazocine. Codeine, also tested subcutaneously, did not substitute at sublethal doses. Except for apomorphine, which might have masked naloxone-precipitated jumping by inducing behavioral aggression, the order of potency compares favorably with the degree of physical dependence reported in humans. Thus, the described procedure might be employed to evaluate morphine substitution and hence potential physical dependence liability of unknown narcotic-like analgesics.
