Cervical spinal cord infarction after cervical spine decompressive surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To report five patients who underwent cervical decompressive surgeries and developed persistent postoperative neurologic deficits compatible with spinal cord infarctions and evaluate causes for these rare complications. METHODS: The clinical courses and imaging studies of five patients were retrospectively analyzed. Imaging findings, types of surgeries, vascular compromise or risk factors, hypotensive episodes, intraoperative somatosensory evoked potentials, concomitant brain infarctions, and clinical degree and radiographic extent of spinal cord infarction were studied. The presence of spinal cord infarction was determined by clinical course and imaging evaluation. RESULTS: All five patients had antecedent cervical cord region vascular compromise or generalized vascular risk factors. Four patients developed hypotensive episodes, two intraoperatively and two postoperatively. None of the four patients with hypotensive episodes had imaging or clinical evidence of concomitant brain infarctions. CONCLUSIONS: Neuroimaging evaluation of spinal cord infarction after decompressive surgery is done to exclude spinal cord compression, to ensure adequate surgical decompression, and to confirm infarction by imaging. Antecedent, unrecognized preoperative vascular compromise may be a significant contributor to spinal cord infarction by itself or in combination with hypotension.

Anatomical and biomechanical analyses of the unique and consistent locations of sacral insufficiency fractures.

STUDY DESIGN: Correlation of locations of sacral insufficiency fractures is made to regions of stress depicted by finite element analysis derived from biomechanical models of patient activities. OBJECTIVE: Sacral insufficiency fractures occur at consistent locations. It was postulated that sacral anatomy and sites of stress within the sacrum with routine activities in the setting of osteoporosis are foundations for determining patterns for the majority of sacral insufficiency fractures. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The predominant vertical components of sacral insufficiency fractures most frequently occur bilaterally through the alar regions of the sacrum, which are the thickest and most robust appearing portions of the sacrum instead of subjacent to the central sacrum, which bears the downward force of the spine. METHODS: First, the exact locations of 108 cases of sacral insufficiency fractures were catalogued and compared to sacral anatomy. Second, different routine activities were simulated by pelvic models from CT scans of the pelvis and finite element analysis. Analyses were done to correlate sites of stress with activities within the sacrum and pelvis compared to patterns of sacral insufficiency fractures from 108 cases. RESULTS: The sites of stress depicted by the finite element analysis walking model strongly correlated with identical locations for most sacral and pelvic insufficiency fractures. Consistent patterns of sacral insufficiency fractures emerged from the 108 cases and a biomechanical classification system is introduced. Additionally, alteration of walking mechanics and asymmetric sacral stress may alter the pattern of sacral insufficiency fractures noted with hip pathology (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Locations of sacral insufficiency fractures are nearly congruous with stress depicted by walking biomechanical models. Knowledge of stress locations with activities, cortical bone transmission of stress, usual fracture patterns, intensity of sacral stress with different activities, and modifiers of walking mechanics may aid medical management, interventional, or surgical efforts.

Incidence of superficial sylvian vein compromise and postoperative effects on CT imaging after surgical clipping of middle cerebral artery aneurysms.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Dissection and retraction of the sylvian fissure can cause venous insufficiency and may be an important contributor to postoperative edema or hemorrhage after clipping of a middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysm. The incidence of changes in the superficial middle cerebral vein (SMCV) and adjacent veins and whether such changes increase the amount of edema or hemorrhage on postoperative CT is the focus of this study. METHODS: Pre- and postoperative angiograms of 100 consecutive patients with MCA aneurysms treated by craniotomy and clipping were compared to determine the postoperative incidence of changes involving the SMCV. CTs from the normal and abnormal postoperative venous groups were compared to determine the amount of edema or presence of parenchymal hemorrhage. RESULTS: Postoperatively, 31 (31%) SMCVs were altered, 20 to a minor or moderate degree. Eleven cases were pronounced. In 9 (9%) cases, the SMCV was completely obscured or failed to fill on postoperative angiography. More edema (observer 1, P < .0002; observer 2, P < .0006) and small brain parenchymal hemorrhages (observer 1, P < .00003; observer 2, P < .00001) were found on the postoperative CT images of the group whose SMCVs were altered than those that were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Neurosurgeons and neuroradiologists should be attentive to changes in the SMCV and adjacent venous structures to optimize outcomes of procedures involving the sylvian fissure.

Intralabyrinthine meningioma.

An 18-year-old female patient with unilateral hearing loss underwent evaluation with CT and MR imaging. A partially ossified, enhancing lesion in the bony labyrinth, with replacement of adjacent structures, was identified. Surgical biopsy revealed a meningioma arising primarily within the bony labyrinth. To our knowledge, this entity has not been previously described.

Diversity selection for phase-diverse phase retrieval.

Wavefront-sensing performance is assessed for focus-diverse phase retrieval as the aberration spatial frequency and the diversity defocus are varied. The analysis includes analytical predictions for optimal diversity values corresponding to the recovery of a dominant spatial-frequency component in the pupil. The calculation is shown to be consistent with the Cramér-Rao lower bound by considering a sensitivity analysis of the point-spread function to the spatial frequency being estimated. A maximum value of diversity defocus is also calculated, beyond which wavefront-sensing performance decreases as diversity defocus is increased. The results are shown to be consistent with the Talbot imaging phenomena, explaining multiple periodic regions of maximum and minimum contrast as a function of aberration spatial frequency and defocus. Wavefront-sensing performance for an iterative-transform phase-retrieval algorithm is also considered as diversity defocus and aberration spatial frequency are varied.

Posttreatment imaging of the skull base.

Imaging the skull base after surgery can be challenging because anatomic structures may have been destroyed by an underlying process or removed at surgery. Foreign substances may be introduced to fill a void left by tumor resection, for hemostasis, and to repair dural defects. Previous imaging studies must be available for comparison to understand the characteristics of an underlying lesion. By following the progression of a lesion on subsequent imaging studies, the nature of treatment-related changes and residual or recurrent pathology is best realized.