Paramagnetic Singularities of the Orbital Magnetism in Graphene with a Moiré Potential.

The recent detection of the singular diamagnetism of Dirac electrons in a single graphene layer paved a new way of probing 2D quantum materials through the measurement of equilibrium orbital currents which cannot be accessed in usual transport experiments. Among the theoretical predictions is an intriguing orbital paramagnetism at saddle points of the dispersion relation. Here we present magnetization measurements in graphene monolayers aligned on hexagonal boron nitride crystals. Besides the sharp diamagnetic McClure response at the Dirac point, we detect extra diamagnetic singularities at the satellite Dirac points of the moiré lattice. Surrounding these diamagnetic satellite peaks, we also observe paramagnetic peaks located at the chemical potential of the saddle points of the graphene moiré band structure and relate them to the presence of van Hove logarithmic singularities in the density of states. These findings reveal the long ago predicted anomalous paramagnetic orbital response in 2D systems when the Fermi energy is tuned to the vicinity of saddle points.

Collapse of the Josephson Emission in a Carbon Nanotube Junction in the Kondo Regime.

We probe the high frequency emission of a carbon nanotube based Josephson junction and compare it to its dc Josephson current. The ac emission is probed by coupling the carbon nanotube to an on-chip detector (a superconductor-insulator-superconductor junction), via a coplanar waveguide resonator. The measurement of the photoassisted current of the detector gives direct access to the signal emitted by the carbon nanotube. We focus on the gate regions that exhibit Kondo features in the normal state and demonstrate that when the dc supercurrent is enhanced by the Kondo effect, the ac Josephson effect is strongly reduced. This result is compared to numerical renormalization group theory and is attributed to a transition between the singlet ground state and the doublet excited state which is enabled only when the junction is driven out-of-equilibrium by a voltage bias.

Microwave Signature of Topological Andreev level Crossings in a Bismuth-based Josephson Junction.

Demonstrating the topological protection of Andreev states in Josephson junctions is an experimental challenge. In particular the telltale 4π periodicity expected for the current phase relation has remained elusive, because of fast parity breaking processes. It was predicted that low temperature ac susceptibility measurements could reveal the topological protection of quantum spin Hall edge states by probing their low energy Andreev spectrum at finite frequency. We have performed such a microwave probing of a phase-biased Josephson junction built around a bismuth nanowire, a predicted second order topological insulator, and which was previously shown to host one-dimensional ballistic edge states. We find absorption peaks at the Andreev level crossings, whose temperature and frequency dependencies point to protected topological crossings with an accuracy limited by the electronic temperature of our experiment.

Measurement of quantum noise in a carbon nanotube quantum dot in the Kondo regime.

The current emission noise of a carbon nanotube quantum dot in the Kondo regime is measured at frequencies ν of the order or higher than the frequency associated with the Kondo effect k(B)T (K)/h, with TK the Kondo temperature. The carbon nanotube is coupled via an on-chip resonant circuit to a quantum noise detector, a superconductor-insulator-superconductor junction. We find for hν ≈ k(B)T(K) a Kondo effect related singularity at a voltage bias eV ≈ hν, and a strong reduction of this singularity for hν ≈ 3k(B)T(K), in good agreement with theory. Our experiment constitutes a new original tool for the investigation of the nonequilibrium dynamics of many-body phenomena in nanoscale devices.

Emission and absorption quantum noise measurement with an on-chip resonant circuit.

Using a quantum detector, a superconductor-insulator-superconductor junction, we probe separately the emission and absorption noise in the quantum regime of a superconducting resonant circuit at equilibrium. At low temperature the resonant circuit exhibits only absorption noise related to zero point fluctuations, whereas at higher temperature emission noise is also present. By coupling a Josephson junction, biased above the superconducting gap, to the same resonant circuit, we directly measure the noise power of quasiparticles tunneling through the junction at two resonance frequencies. It exhibits a strong frequency dependence, consistent with theoretical predictions.

ac Josephson effect and resonant Cooper pair tunneling emission of a single Cooper pair transistor.

We measure the high-frequency emission of a single Cooper pair transistor (SCPT) in the regime where transport is only due to tunneling of Cooper pairs. This is achieved by coupling on chip the SCPT to a superconductor-insulator-superconductor junction and by measuring the photon assisted tunneling current of quasiparticles across the junction. This technique allows a direct detection of the ac Josephson effect of the SCPT and provides evidence of Landau-Zener transitions for proper gate voltage. The emission in the regime of resonant Cooper pair tunneling is also investigated. It is interpreted in terms of transitions between charge states coupled by the Josephson effect.

Very high frequency spectroscopy and tuning of a single-cooper-pair transistor with an on-chip generator.

A single-Cooper-pair transistor (SCPT) is coupled capacitively to a voltage biased Josephson junction, used as a high-frequency generator. Thanks to the high energy of photons generated by the Josephson junction, transitions between energy levels, not limited to the first two levels, were induced and the effect of this irradiation on the dc Josephson current of the SCPT was measured. The phase and gate bias dependence of energy levels of the SCPT at high energy is probed. Because the energies of photons can be higher than the superconducting gap we can induce not only transfer of Cooper pairs but also transfer of quasiparticles through the island of the SCPT, thus controlling the poisoning of the SCPT. This can both decrease and increase the average Josephson energy of the SCPT: its supercurrent is then controlled by high-frequency irradiation.

Emission and absorption asymmetry in the quantum noise of a Josephson junction.

We measure current fluctuations of mesoscopic devices in the quantum regime, when the frequency is of the order of or higher than the applied voltage or temperature. Detection is designed to probe separately the absorption and emission contributions of current fluctuations, i.e. the positive and negative frequencies of the Fourier transformed nonsymmetrized noise correlator. It relies on measuring the quasiparticles photon assisted tunneling current across a superconductor-insulator-superconductor junction (the detector junction) caused by the excess current fluctuations generated by quasiparticles tunneling across a Josephson junction (the source junction). We demonstrate unambiguously that the negative and positive frequency parts of the nonsymmetrized noise correlator are separately detected and that the excess current fluctuations of a voltage biased Josephson junction present a strong asymmetry between emission and absorption.

Diamagnetic orbital response of mesoscopic silver rings.

We report measurements of the flux-dependent orbital magnetic susceptibility of an ensemble of 10(5) disconnected silver rings at 217 MHz. Because of the strong spin-orbit scattering rate in silver this experiment is a test of existing theories on ensemble averaged persistent currents. Below 100 mK the rings exhibit a magnetic signal with a flux periodicity of h/2e consistent with averaged persistent currents, whose amplitude is of the order of 0.3 nA. The sign of the oscillations indicates unambiguously diamagnetism in the vicinity of zero magnetic field. This sign is a priori not consistent with theoretical predictions for average persistent currents. We discuss several possible explanations of this result.

Measurements of flux-dependent screening in aharonov-bohm rings

In order to investigate the effect of electronic phase coherence on screening we have measured the flux-dependent polarizability of isolated mesoscopic rings at 350 MHz. At low temperatures (below 100 mK) both the nondissipative and the dissipative parts of the polarizability exhibit flux oscillations with a period of one-half a flux quantum in a ring. The sign and amplitude of the effect are in good agreement with recent theoretical predictions. The observed positive magnetopolarizability corresponds to an enhancement of screening when time reversal symmetry is broken. The effect of electronic density and temperature are also measured.

Acoustoelectric effects in carbon nanotubes

We report observations of acoustoelectric effects in carbon nanotubes. We excite sound in &mgr;m long ropes of single walled carbon nanotubes suspended between two metallic contacts by applying radio-frequency electric field. The sound is detected by measuring either the dc resistance of the tubes in a region of strong temperature dependence (in the vicinity of superconducting or metal-insulator transition), or their critical current. We show that, depending on the excitation power, the vibrations produce either electron heating or phase coherence breaking.

Supercurrents through single-walled carbon nanotubes

Proximity-induced superconductivity in single-walled carbon nanotubes below 1 kelvin, both in a single tube 1 nanometer in diameter and in crystalline ropes containing about 100 nanotubes, was observed. The samples were suspended between two superconducting electrodes, permitting structural study in a transmission electron microscope. When the resistance of the nanotube junction is sufficiently low, it becomes superconducting and can carry high supercurrents. The temperature and magnetic field dependence of the critical current of such junctions exhibits unusual features related to their strong one-dimensional character.

[Ontogenic development of the surface of craniofacial sagittal angular sectors in man and chimpanzee]. / Evolution ontogénique de la surface des secteurs angulaires sagittaux cranio-faciaux, chez l'homme et les chimpanzés.

By means of a technique for measuring surfaces by direct reading, six angular sectors have been studied (3 for the face and 3 for the skull) at various ontogenic periods of Man, common chimpanzee and dwarf chimpanzee. The growth curves have been drawn for absolute values and for relative values. They show a certain evolutive parallelism between the frontal bone and the parietal bone, and between the face and the mandible, with a special fate for the occipital bone.

[Angles of the base of the skull in chimpanzees]. / Les angles de la base du crâne chez les chimpanzés.

Ten angular measurements have been retained for a study of the basis of the skull for two species of chimpanzees : Pan troglodytes (83 skulls) and Pan paniscus (179 skulls). Were especially studied : growth and sexual or specific differences. Classical parameters or angles measured in reference to the horizontal vestibular axis were used. The statistical study clearly shows the phenomenom of negative rotation with an ontogenic accentuation of quadrupedia.

[Phylogenic interest of the clivo-pterygoid angle]. / Interet phylogenique de l'angle clivo-pterygoidien

The comparison between the planum-clivus angle of Man and the african Pongids shows that the closing of this angle is the result of a noticeable rotation of the clivus and a less important rotation of the planum in an opposite direction.

[Spatial variability of some lateral cranial points in chimpanzees]. / Variabilité spatiale de quelques points crániens latéraux chez les chimpanzés

The differential variability of cranial regions of chimpanzees has been studied, in the three dimensional space defined by the vestibular method, by means of the volume of the ellipsoid surrounding the scatter diagram of each lateral point. Thus the importance of the variation of a given point as a function of its position can be measured and the specific and sexual differences of this variation can be determined.