The shoulder endurance test (SET): A reliability and validity and comparison study on healthy overhead athletes and sedentary adults.

OBJECTIVES: The primary purpose was to examine the reliability of a new shoulder physical performance test -the Shoulder Endurance Test (SET)- in young healthy overhead athletes and sedentary adults and to provide preliminary reference values. The secondary objective was to determine whether there are differences on SET scores based on groups, sides and days. The third objective was to evaluate the relationship between the SET and shoulder rotational isometric strength in both groups. DESIGN: Reliability and validity study. SETTING: Laboratory setting. PARTICIPANTS: A total sample of 92 participants volunteered to participate in this study (30 healthy overhead athletes - 62 sedentary adults). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We used a two-session measurement design separated by seven days to evaluate the reliability. We calculated intraclass correlation coefficients to determine relative reliability and used standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change to quantify absolute reliability. Systematic differences in SET scores between groups, days and sides were analysed with a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures. To check for systematic differences within groups between day 1 and day 2, a Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was performed. Relationship between shoulder rotational isometric strength and the SET was determined using the Spearman Rank test (rs). RESULTS: Relative reliability was high to very high in both groups (intraclass correlation coefficient [2,1] range = 0.78-0.93) and absolute reliability was clinically acceptable. The standard error of measurement varied from 10.7 s to 16.45 s. The minimal detectable change ranged from 29.6 s to 45.6 s. Weak correlations were found between the SET and isometric shoulder rotational strength (rs range = 0.309-0.431). RESULTS: of the ANOVA for repeated measures showed a significant two-way interaction effect for day x groups (p = 0.020) and a significant main effect for side (p= < 0.001). Results of the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test showed no systematic differences in group 1 between day 1 and day 2 for both sides (p = 0.79 dominant side; p = 0.66 non-dominant side). CONCLUSIONS: The SET is a reliable clinically applicable shoulder physical performance test in young adult overhead athletes and sedentary adult.

The "upper limb rotation test": Reliability and validity study of a new upper extremity physical performance test.

OBJECTIVES: The primary purpose was to evaluate the reliability of the Upper Limb Rotation Test (ULRT). The secondary objective was to evaluate the relationship between the ULRT and two PPTs (SMBT and CKCUEST), trunk rotation range of motion (SRT) and shoulder rotational isometric strength. DESIGN: Reliability study and correlation study. SETTING: Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: 91 healthy adults participated to establish the reliability and validity of the ULRT. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We used a two-session measurement design to evaluate the reliability of the ULRT. The SMBT, CKCUEST, SAC and the SRT were performed to determine relationships with the ULRT. RESULTS: Results showed good reliability. The SEM 95 and the MDC95 showed clinically acceptable absolute reliability values for the ULRT. A moderate correlation was found between the ULRT and CKCUEST scores. A moderate correlation was found between ULRT and SMBT scores. CONCLUSIONS: Results demonstrated good relative reliability and clinically acceptable absolute reliability values for the ULRT. Performances on the ULRT were moderately correlated with the PPTs.